Forensic Analysis of Personal Data Leakage on Android Phone

Forensic Analysis of Personal Data Leakage on Android Phone Sheriff Drammeh  Ã‚   RESEARCH STATEMENT The proposed research will explore personal data leakage on the android mobile application platform through forensic analysis of volatile and non-volatile memory. PROPOSAL SUMMARY The proposed research will employ both volatile memory forensic techniques and traditional disk forensic techniques to the android platform in order to identify privacy breaches primarily in android mobile applications [1]. The proposed research also aims to demonstrate that forensic artifacts can be found both in the disk drive (non-volatile) and memory (volatile). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSED RESEARCH 1. Acquire non-volatile data from an android device using the traditional forensic approach and the memory dump, analyse the acquired data for any forensic artifacts and make a comparative analysis of both approaches. This will be achieve by conducting an experimental simulation of both approaches. 2. Develop an effective methodology to improve the detection of personal data leakages and sensitive information from android mobile applications. RESOURCES The major part of this proposed research will be conducting an experiment, hence few equipments are essential to be in place in order to carry out the experiment. The proposed research is mainly memory dumping and disk drive imaging for forensic analysis. Some open source tools will be highly utilize during the course of this proposed research, such as android studio SDK, Odin, ADB and mem. Additionally, books on android forensics, mobile forensics, journals and YouTube video tutorials will also be utilize. As the research progresses more resources might be needed. The following is a non-exhaustive list of resources currently available for use: à ¢-  Window 10 OS with processor Intel (R) Core(TM)i7, install memory of 16.0GB is the host operating system and forensic workstation for disk image analysis à ¢-  Linux Ubuntu 15.10 x32 with kernel v2.6 is our forensic workstation for memory analysis à ¢-  VMware Virtual Machine v11.1.2: Will be used to install guest operating system à ¢-  Physical android phone Samsung galaxy S3: Is the subject of the experiment à ¢-  Android SDK developer tool for Linux x32: Is a software development tool used for application development and analysis. à ¢-  mem is an open source tool for dumping running process on android phone à ¢-  Odin3.-v3.10 is open source tool that enable us to rooted android phone à ¢-  Samsung usb drive for mobile phone used to enable debugging bridge between android phone and forensic workstation à ¢-  CF-Auto-Root-2dcan-2dvl-sghi747m is used to update firmware during rooting process. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ · AccessData Forensic tool kit version 3.4.2 ( Download FTK Imager 3.4.2) is forensic software tool used to analysis disk image file 3 | P a g e CONNECTION TO THE COURSES OF MISSM PROGRAM This proposed research is closely related to Digital forensic course (ISSM536), which is one of the course we had covered in our Information Systems and Security Management program. The proposed research used the techniques learned from this class and applied them in the android environment to reveal several types of personal information such as username, password, date of birth, postal addresses contact, photos, account number, messages etc. The comparative analysis method used covers the principles of digital evidence collection learned in Information Technology Security Laws and Ethics course (ISSM561). The proposed research has a beginning and ending, as a result it need to be managed in order to deliver the end result. Therefore, the knowledge learned from (ISSM545) System Development and Project Management. REVIEW OF RELATED RESEARCHS Fuchs, et al., [2] presented the first analysis tool for android called SCanDroid, a framework for Android to perform information flow analysis on applications in order to understand the flow of information from one component to another component. Consider a case where an application request permission to access multiple data stores i.e., public data store and private data store. The application requires permission for reading the data from the private store and writing data to the public store. SCanDriod analyzes the information flow of the application and reports whether the application will transfer the information in the private store to the public store or not. However, SCanDroid also suffers from the same limitation of security policy expressibility. In order to consider some information flow to be dangerous, the policy writers must define certain constraints prior to executing the policy. Similarly, if an information flow is not explicitly added to the set of constraints the f ramework will consider it to be safe. In 2012, C. Gibler, et al., presented AndroidLeaks, a static analysis framework for automatically finding potential leaks of sensitive information in Android applications on a massive scale[4]. It informed the user if applications are leaking their personal information. AndroidLeaks drastically reduces the number of applications and the number of traces that a security auditor has to verify manually. To secure privacy information, they set up a mappings between Android API methods and the required permissions as the sources and sinks of private data for data flow analysis. However, AndroidLeaks does not yet analyze Android-specific control and data flows. This includes Intents, which are used for communication between Android and application components, and content providers, which provide access to database-like structures managed by other components. Sasa Mrdovic et al., [3] proposed a combination of static and live analysis for memory image, which is obtained by hibernation mode (power management feature that exists in most portable computers). After they obtained the physical memory image, they used it to boot the investigated system in the virtual machine (live view) to resume the system to the same state before it went into hibernation mode. Their proposal of using hibernating feature was to obtain the memory contents without violating the evidence integrity, but during their analysis they found out that they lost all the information about network connections because hibernation mode terminates the network connections before it starts in Windows environment. As one of best well-known analysis approaches, Taint Droid detects privacy leaks using dynamic taint tracking [5]. Enck et al. built a modified Android operating system to add taint tracking information to data from privacy-sensitive sources. They track private data as it propagates through applications during execution. If private data is leaked from the phone, the taint tracker records the event in a log which can be audited by the user. In 2015,Young ho Kim et al., proposed a methodology and an architecture for measuring user awareness of sensitive data leakage, which features runtime application analysis over timing distance between the user input event and actual privacy data leak[6]. 4 | P a g e Nai-Wei Lo, Kuo-Hui Yeh, and Chuan-Yen Fan present a user privacy analysis framework called LRPdroid[7]. LRPdroid has been proposed for an Android platform to offer a user privacy management model. In the LRPdroid framework, they defined required models to achieve user privacy management: App execution data flow, user perception, leakage awareness, information leakage detection, privacy disclosure evaluation, and privacy risk assessment. To support the proposed privacy analysis model, two information capture modules for LRPdroid were designed to acquire incoming data inputted by a mobile user and outgoing data transmitted from a targeted App. A system prototype based on the LRPdroid framework was developed to evaluate the feasibility and practicability of LRPdroid. Two general App usage scenarios were adopted during the usage of Line App to evaluate the effectiveness of LRPdroid on user privacy disclosure by social engineering attack, user information leakage from normal operations o f a running App, and privacy risk assessment of targeted running App. In 2015[10], Pasquale Stirparo, Igor Nai Fovino, and Ioannis Kounelis developed a novel methodology called MobiLeak, for analysis of security and privacy level of mobile applications, which focuses more on user data instead of application code and its architecture. Their research work addressed and solved the problems related to the following three research questions for mobile environment and applications: (1)what are data and where can such data exist? (2) How is personal data handled? (3)How can one properly assess the security and privacy of mobile applications? They start their research work with a fundamental prerequisite in order to be able to properly treat them, which is studying and identifying every possibility state at which data can exist. After this step, they analyzed how real life mobile applications and operating systems handle users personal data for each of the states previously identified. Based on these steps they developed MobiLeak, which also combined concepts and principles from the digital forensics discipline. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED RESEARCH THE FOCUS OF THE RESEARCH The aim of this proposed research is to examine user data storage mechanism on a mobile application in a context of android platform. Analyzing mobile application for personal data leakage require extensive analysis and in-depth understanding of both the OS and application architecture. The analysis is expected to be conduct to data at rest and data in motion. The result of this proposed research will help to create awareness to both application developers and the android community that users personal data information such as username, password and other sensitive information are at risk both in volatile and non-volatile memory. Finding user sensitive data on android smart phone could be in three (3) locations: disk drive, memory and app server. Our research is limited to two out of the three application data store which is disk drive and memory, both storage areas could prove strategic locations for finding vital information for android smart phone users. The motive of this research is to examine whether applications encrypt user sensitive information both in the memory and the disk drive. This pose the following questions: 1. Does user credentials are encrypted on a memory ? 2. Among the two method which one is more forensically sound? 3. What information could be found in disk drive and not in memory? During the experimental phase of the proposed research certain applications will be examining, such as VOIP applications, social media applications, financial applications and telecom applications. I chose this samples of android application from various categories. Because these applications are fairly popular and are used by millions of people around the globe. For each application I will look at how user sensitive data, such as user name, password, date of birth and account number are store both in the disk drive and the memory. 5 | P a g e The rest of the proposed research section is divided into 4 parts: First I am going talk about my methodology, next I will present the series of preliminary result both in the memory analysis and disk analysis, third I give the highlight of the expected result and finally, I will discuss about certain obstacles that may arise. METHODOLOGY The method used in carrying out the experiment of the proposed research consist of four phases. Phase One: Gather the require tool both in term of hardware and software As the proposed research required memory dump and disk drive imaging analysis a physical android phone is needed to conduct our experiment. 1. Window Host OS and Ubuntu Guest OS as our forensic workstation 2. Android phone Samsung Galaxy S3 3. Installing Odin3.-v3 which will allow us to root our android phone 4. Install android SDK tool for using ADB(Android Debug Bridge) to get shell access on our android Phone 5. Mem application software loaded into our android phone through ADB which allow us to dump the running process from the Phone Phase Two: Installation and configuration of experimental environment At this phase all the required tools, such as the hardware and software are installed and configured. Pre-experiment of memory dump and disk imaging is performed, and tools are verified. Phase Three: Acquisition of disk image and memory dump At this phase the disk image drive is acquired using dd command tool from the internal memory to internal SDcard of the phone and ADB pull is utilize to pull/copy the disk partitions to our forensic work station. Mem program software is utilize, this allow us to dump the running process. We used ADB to install mem application into our phone in order to dump the desired running application process. Phase Four: Preservation and analysis of acquired data The purpose of this phase is to examine acquired application data both in the memory and disk drive. For example, we will check if the application is encrypting users credential both data at rest and data in transit? MEMORY DUMPING ANALYSIS This section provide detail steps taken to analysis the dumped memory of certain applications selected for this proposed research. The result shows that users credential are not properly handle by the application, which can result in personal data leakage. A program called mem was used to facilities the process dump, ABD was also used to install mem program into our android phone. List the running process and dump them into the internal SDcard and finally pull it to our forensic workstation for further analysis. Strings and sqlite3 command were utilized to look for ASCII text format from the dumped memory to understand the output result. Interestingly, the result showed that users credential are not encrypted at all. The applications analyse in this proposed research are as follows: A) Africallshop App Africallshop is a VOIP application which allows customers to buy credit online to make national and international calls and send text message worldwide to friends and family at a cheap rate. The application is 6 | P a g e rated about 4.4 in the android play store and was downloaded by five thousand (5000) customers during the time of this proposed research. The prominent outcome of this application are as follow: The username, password, caller id and user account balance are not encrypted. We ran the sqlite3 and string command on the dumped memory, which produce the result below: sip.africallshop.com XXXXXXX 0017802986780 CANADA 12590 xxxxxxxxx yes CAD proxy.africallshop.com:443 574b690276bc5 [emailprotected] 0,434 B) EHarmony App EHarmony is an online dating site for singles. Those using this app can communicate freely, share picture, video and text. During the time of this proposed research the application was downloaded by five million people and rated 3.1 in the app store. The prominent outcome of this application analysis are as follow: The user credential, such as username, password and device information are all in plaintext. The result below: POST /singles/servlet/login/mobile HTTP/1.1 j_username=sdramme1%40student.concordia.ab.caj_password=123qazplatform=androidj0r1D7fg4ArJ2uSVPgSti5zcEnltO919mHUV88E%2FKUWcan9NEMgT820MygiKsWf0Sg1147vdZbXIo tLS HTTP/1.1 User-Agent: eHarmony-Android/3.1 (SGH-I747M; Android OS 4.4.2; en_CA; id f9d8a2acfec7b901) X-eharmony-device-id: f9d8a2acfec7b901 X-eharmony-device-os: Android X-eharmony-device-os-version: 19 X-eharmony-device-type: 1 X-eharmony-client: eHarmony X-eharmony-client-version: 3.1 Accept: application/json lBxp c_te j_username=sdramme1%40student.concordia.ab.caj_password=123qazplatform=android 8KTB stevedocwra on 7 | P a g e C) Virgin Mobile My account App Virgin mobile is GSM mobile application that allow user to manage their account features and usage. Users can make payment and add a buddy to their list. This application was downloaded by five hundred thousand (500,000) people during the time of this proposed research and was rated 3.4 in the app store. The prominent outcome of this application are as follow: Sim sequence number, cell phone number, UMTS number, activation date, user data of birth, subscribe date, user e-mail address, initial password, pin unlock code and account number. all this information are not encrypted. [emailprotected]:~/android-sdk-linux/platform-tools$ strings virginmobile | grep [emailprotected] We run the ps and string command on the dumped memory, which produced the result below: imeioriginal:null,simsequenceNumber:174392323,esnequipmentType:null,imeiequipmentType:{value:LTEDevice,code:T},simequipmentType:{value:USimVal,code:U}},telephoneNumber:7802356780,networkType:{value:UMTS,code:85},language:{value:EN,code:E},isBillSixty:false,isTab:false,commitmentStartDate:null,commitmentEndDate:null,commitmentTerm:0,contractType:{value:OFF_COMMITMENT,code:O},paccPinStatus:{value:NOT_ENROLLED,code:78},padPinStatus:{value:NOT_ENROLLED,code:78},initialActivationDate:1463112000000,accountCommPref:{value:BILL_INSERTS,code:66},isAccountSMSPerm:true,birthDate:512197200000,lastUpdateDate:1464062400000,lastUpdateStamp:9863,lastHardwareUpgradeDate:null,daysSinceLastHWUpgrade:null,subscriberEstablishDate:1463112000000,daysSinceActivation:16,nextTopupDate:1465704000000,cancelledSubStatusDate:1463371200000,initialPassword:5069,isCallDisplayAllowed:false,pricePlan:VHV226,portInidicator:null,primeMateInidicator:{value:UNKNOWN,code:R},primeSubNumber:null,subMarket:{value:UAC,code:UAC },telcoId:MOBL,pinUnlockKey:[36761817,63094923],manitobaIndicator:O,thunderBayIndicator:O,portabilityIndicator:O,serviceArea:N,hasOrderInProgress:false,isWCoCSubscriber:true,hasDomesticDataServices:false,hasRoamingDataServices:false,domesticDSBlockedUntil:null,roamingDSBlockedUntil:null,isAccessible:false,promotionGroupCode:null,emailAddress:[emailprotected],wcoCDate:1463112000000}]},emailAddress:[emailprotected],arbalance:{name:{http://bside.int.bell.ca/customer/profile/types}ARBalance,declaredType:java.lang.Double,scope:ca.bell._int.bside.customer.profile.types.MobilityAccountType,value:0,nil:false,globalScope:false,typeSubstituted:false},ebillInfo:{isEBillEnrolled:true,isEBillNotifyEnabled:true,ebillStartDate:1463112000000,ebillEndDate:null},siowner:{value:BELL_MOBILITY,code:MOBL},arpuamount:19.13}]},wirelineAccounts:null,internetAccounts:null,tvaccounts:null},activeHouseholdOrders:null,emailAddress:[emailprotected]},username:7802986780,guid:SCP9O0ELLDDUN2J,profileType:BUP,savedT imeStamp:2016-05-29T01:30:38.458-04:00,profilebanNumbers:[{accountType:Legacy,ban:527566075,profileSaveTime:1463945744000}],accountType:,paymentData:[[{paymentInfoList:{billAvailable:true,lastPaymentAmount:40.18,totalAmountDue:40.18,lastPaymentDate:2016-05-22T00:00:00.000-04:00,paymentDueDate:2016-06-06T00:00:00.000-04:00,billEnddate:2016-05-14T00:00:00.000-04:00,balanceForward:0,bankAccountNumber:null,creditCardNum:null,customerId:null,ban:527566075,mdn:52756607UAV580,eligibilityInd:Y}}]]}` DISK IMAGING ANALYSIS This section provided detail steps taken to conduct traditional forensic technique for non-volatile memory acquisition and analysis. During this phase the acquired memory will be examine and the primary concern will be user data stored, in particular share_pref folder. Share_pref folder is a storage location for key-value in side application database. Android application store user data within /dev/block[8]. With the use of common forensic command, such as dd, will be utilize to image disk drive partition. For this proposed research the following partitions are imaged for analysis: System file Cache file 8 | P a g e User data Persist But our proposed research experiment will be focus on user data folder, as it is consider to be the storage location for application data. To image disk drive, shell access is need through android SDK, we then look for mount file on the disk drive before executing dd commands to copy the partition from the internal memory to internal SDcard and finally pulling it to our forensic work station using adb pull command. 1. Checking the mounted file on the disk drive mount /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/userdata /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/cache /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/system /dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/persist 2. Copying the user date partition and pull it to forensic work station dd if=/dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/userdata of=/mnt/sdcard/test1 17399538+0 records in 17399537+0 records out 8908562944 bytes transferred in 1934.464 secs (4605184 bytes/sec) adb pull /mnt/sdcard/test1 3. Imaging the cache partition to internal SDcard dd if=/dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/cache of=/mnt/sdcard/cachefile1.img 1720320+0 records in 1720320+0 records out 880803840 bytes transferred in 118.669 secs (7422358 bytes/sec) 4. Copying the system partition dd if=/dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/system of=/mnt/sdcard/systemfile.img 3072000+0 records in 3072000+0 records out 1572864000 bytes transferred in 255.874 secs (6147025 bytes/sec) [emailprotected]:/ # 5. Copying the persist partition dd if=/dev/block/platform/msm_sdcc.1/by-name/persist of=/mnt/sdcard/persist.img 16384+0 records in 16384+0 records out 8388608 bytes transferred in 0.865 secs (9697812 bytes/sec) The above command will image each partition of the mounted file of dev/block with the default block size of 512 byte during bit-by-bit copy of the file and direct the output file to internal SDcard. Finally, copy it to our forensic workstation, Which can be analysis using forensic tool called AccessData FTK imager version 3.4.2. FTK is recommended forensic tool for disk image analysis by both forensic and legal community for its powerful carving capability, stability and ease of use. AccessData FTK ANALYSIS 1. PayPal App PayPal is an online payment system that allows its member to transfer funds locally and globally. Members can receive, send money and buy or pay for goods and services online. The application was downloaded by 10 million people at the time of this research and rated as a good app in the app store. We added evidence item to 9 | P a g e FTK navigate to data and com.paypal.android.p2pmobile then share_pref folder. The folder share_pref/PresentationAccount.RememberedUsersta../ reveal user data information such as user first and last name, cell phone number, and email address. 2. AfricallShop App Africallshop is a VOIP application that allow the users to make cheap international call worldwide, user can purchase credit online to communicate with peer by text message and voice call. After adding user data partition to FTK imager, navigate to com.v2.africallshop folder, expand the folder view share_pref folder. In sher_pref folder an xml file called com.v2.africallshop-prefrences.xml was view and contain user sensitive data such as app domain name, caller ID, country, ID, user password, username and account balance all in plain text. 10 | P a g e 3. Keku App Keku is a VOIP application which facilitate call or text through Wi-Fi or mobile data. User buy credit online to make local and internationally calls. The package of the application contain probative information about the user. App database store was reveal through FTK analysis and the share_pref folder contain sensitive information about the user. In share_pref folder a file called Org.keku_preferences.xml, this file contain users sensitive data and device information such as, password, username, device-mac address and user phone number. 11 | P a g e EXPECTED RESULTS During the experimental phase of the proposed research, aim and objective of the experiment is to demonstrate or show that users personnel data information are at risk during application data process in transit and at rest. The research has observe the dumped process and disk drive imaged to reveal personal data leakage and has successfully uncover vital information about App users, such as username, password, date of birth etc. OBSTACLE The obstacles encountered during the experimental phase of the proposed research as follow: 1) Lack of enough material regarding android forensic as the field is immature 2) Unable to image the whole memory of the actual phone, as the system configuration file is missing and couldnt be found to compile it with LiMe in order to acquire the whole memory. 3) Lack of enough analysis tool to cross examine or evaluate both the dumped and disk drive memory, Ubuntu Linux tool was used to do our analysis. CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE The proposed research show that application developers are far less careful with user sensitive data when it being stored both in the disk drive and memory in running applications. Using very simple forensic investigation techniques running strings and sqlite3 on dumped memory and disk drive imaging analysis on FTK show quite a lot of private information. OUTLINE OF FINAL RESEARCH PAPER ISSM 580/581 The final research document will be structure as follows [9]: Section 1, will be the abstract then the Introduction to the paper. Section 2, will discuss memory analysis technique. Section 3, will discuss disk imaging analysis 12 | P a g e technique. Section 4, will discusses the forensic artifacts unveil during the analysis . Section 5, related work. Section 6, the result summary. Section 7; conclusion and future work. . RESEARCH DELIVERABLES This research will be conduct in Fall Semester 2016, from September 2016 to December 2016. Nevertheless, some major preliminary steps have already being taken. Most of the required tools both hardware and software for the proposed research have already being obtained and implemented. Spring 2016 April Researching the Topic of Interest Week 1 2 Finalize the Topic with Primary Advisor Week 3 4 Read the Area/Topic of Interest May Week 1 2 Read relevant Journal or Article related to the topic of interest Week 3 4 Gathering and installation of test Environment, Conducting and Experiment. June Week 1 Writing First Draft proposal and submit Week 2 -3 Edit and Improve proposal based on advisor guidance, Further Experiment and literature review read. Week 4 Final Proposal and Submit.

Two Women, Three Man on a Raft

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Analysis Of The Book Three Days - 1572 Words

Three days. It had been three days since Jason had woken up on the snowy hill. That s all the information he recalled besides his name. There were two others, ones who had woken up. All three of them with no memory, not of the world, but just themselves. The air was thin. The cold bitter air blew fiercely across the desolate snowy landscape. Dense fog had made it near impossible to see beyond the hill. Not like there was much to see besides thousands of snow-covered trees. For three days nothing unusual has popped up, no signs of anything. No signs of other people. Maybe they had lived there all their lives. Jason thought he might as well think that as far as he was concerned since they had nowhere to go. â€Å"Find anything, Philip?† Jason asked eagerly while chopping wood. The axe he held was primitive, as were all things the trio used. Made of a sharp rock and a strong branch, tied together with tree bark. â€Å"Nope Jason,† the second one, named Philip, meekly replied, â€Å"just ice, snow and trees going on for miles.† â€Å"Well let’s just, uh, keep gathering wood. By tonight we should have enough to finish up the roof for our shelter,† Jason decided. â€Å"Yeah,† Philip sighed, showing his indifference, â€Å"let s do that.† Almost instantly after waking up on the hill, Jason had known exactly what to do. He immediately started ordering Philip and the other man, Ray, to gather wood, food and resources. Ray of course had other plans. He had no interest in group work.Show MoreRelatedProposal for Online Book Selling System1481 Words   |  6 Pageswhere everyone can be online at any given time. Under this environment, Online Book Selling can be useful to sell books on the Internet. Customers can purchase or get all books information without going through a bookstore. 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The replacement is stored Free Essays

In compression, the algorithm looks for repeating patterns in the source alphabet and encodes these patters as new symbols in a translated alphabet. The new alphabet is composed of symbols that are longer (composed of more bits) than the symbols in the source alphabet. The compression arises when repeating patterns in the old alphabet are replaced by a single symbol in the new alphabet. We will write a custom essay sample on The replacement is stored or any similar topic only for you Order Now The replacement is stored in a dictionary that contains all mappings of the old alphabet patterns into the new alphabet symbols. The decompression algorithm simply does the reverse process of the compression algorithm. The algorithm takes a look at the input stream in the new alphabet and looks up the dictionary for its corresponding pattern in the old alphabet. Unlike Huffman coding, LZW compression does not use probability analysis and computation on the source data, needing only to look at repeating patterns in the source alphabet. LZW works best on streams that contain multiple repeating patterns such as text files. Huffman coding on the other hand works best on streams where there is a disparity in relative frequencies between symbols. In LZW, a dictionary is used to map patterns in the old alphabet to symbols in the new alphabet, the dictionary being constructed from repeating patterns. In Huffman, symbol mappings are based on the frequencies of the symbols in the source alphabet. Additionally, the bit length of the new symbols in LZW is constant while the bit length for the new symbols in Huffman is variable, depending on the frequency of the source symbols. Wireless Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) and Wireless Sensor Networks are two similar kinds of wireless technology. A MANET is a self-configuring network the result being an arbitrary topology. There is no fixed infrastructure between the nodes and their only relationship to each other is their proximity to one another. However, that may not be true for sensor networks. Some sensor network protocols specify a specific topology. In the case of IEEE 802.15.4, it allows for two kinds of topologies, a ring topology and a peer to peer topology. Another difference is complexity. The nodes of sensor networks are generally much simpler than in MANETs. Sensor nodes typically include only a transceiver module for communication, a sensor and a microcontroller. This is because of the relatively simpler uses for the sensor such as data collection and gathering. In contrast, nodes of a MANET will generally be more complex, being made up of complete laptops, PDAs or other high level communication devices. A third difference is in the data rates. Sensor networks are generally low data rate systems while MANETs have higher data rates. Bit rates in MANETs like 802.11 are measured in Mbps while those in 802.15.4 and Zigbee are in kbps only. Fourth is power consumption, MANET nodes are designed to be mains powered or only to be reliant on batteries for a short amount of time (generally a few hours). On the other hand, sensor networks will generally use low power components to stretch the power of the battery for weeks or months on end. Lastly, in MANETs, nodes are envisioned to be constantly sending data to one another while in sensor networks, nodes are expected to be in a sleep or quiet mode for most of the time. This is due to the amount of data exchanged in MANETs compared to sensor networks which may only need to throw data to the server on specified times. If we take the example of the ZigBee sensor network protocol, we can see three layers from the OSI model at work in the ZigBee protocol. In the ZigBee protocol, its uses the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for the PHY and MAC portion of the DLL layer. The ZigBee specification on the other hand serves as the upper layers for the wireless sensor network. How to cite The replacement is stored, Papers

Roles of Manager free essay sample

What are the roles of manager in organization? An effective manager will bring about significant impact on life, growth, and development of an organization. Based on the research done by Mintzberg (1973) about the nature of managerial work or behaviours, he had identified ten specific roles most commonly seen within organizations. These ten specific roles were classified into three categories, including interpersonal, informational and decisional roles as follows:- First category is interpersonal roles. Interpersonal roles involves the behaviours associated with human interaction i. e. roles that allow a manager to interact with his or her employees for the purpose of achieving organizational goals. There are three roles listed under interpersonal roles i. e. figurehead, leader and liaison. Second category is informational roles. Informational roles are roles where a manager generates and shares knowledge to successfully achieve organizational goals. The three roles listed under informational roles are monitor, disseminate and spokesperson. Third and last category is decisional roles. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles of Manager or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Decisional roles include roles such as entrepreneur, disturbance-handler, resource-allocator and negotiator. For this assignment, I have selected three articles on two well-known managers in Malaysia depicting three different managerial roles they played in their respective organisations. The first manager is Tan Sri Dr. Tony Fernandes (â€Å"Fernandes†), the group chief executive officer (â€Å"CEO†) and founder of AirAsia Berhad (â€Å"AirAsia†) and the articles selected are, 1) â€Å"Tony Fernandes – Dream the Impossible† dated 22 November written by Chris Forrest Harvey, and 2) â€Å"Fying on Budget† dated 3 December 2010 published in Forbes. The second manager is Mr. Kellee Kam (â€Å"Kam†), group managing director of RHB Capital Berhad based on the article â€Å"The Young Banker and the Maestro† dated 4 June 2012 published in The Edge Malaysia. In these three articles, I will explore the managerial roles displayed by these two managers relating to interpersonal roles and decisional roles being leader role, entrepreneur role and negotiator role respectively. Leader Role Leader role is mainly all managerial activities involving subordinates. Some of these actions involved leadership, example the hiring and firing, building relationships with employees and communicates with, motivates, and coaches them. Duties are at heart of the manager-subordinate relationship and include communicating performance goals, structuring and motivating subordinates, overseeing their progress, promoting and encouraging their development, assigning responsibilities, delegating power inside the firm, defines the structures and working environments Meanwhile Mintzberg (1973) a manager is in charge of an organizational unit and hence is responsible for the work of the people of that unit. Thus his actions in this regard constitute the leader role. Based on the â€Å"Dream Impossible Article†, I will explore in details the display of a leader role by Fernandes. The following are examples set out in the said article which shown Fernandes’ role and actions in building a unique work culture and environment in AirAsia:- Staff development and motivation, promoting and encouraging their development. Staff are called Allstar and they are encourage to learn, grow, and to achieve their dreams and pursue their passions. Fernandes uses â€Å"dream the impossible, believe the unbelievable, and never take no for an answer† as the company philosophy and to build it up as part of the DNA of AirAsia. Fernandes makes clear to his staff that they do not need to stay where they are, ten years down the road. Staff with good performance are given opportunities to develop their career further and be promoted. There was one example where a lady who was hired as a flight attendant at AirAsia Thailand. A year into it, she asked Fernandes that she would like to be a pilot. Fernandes indicated that if she can get the relevant certificates, he would approve it. She did and she became first officer and subsequently she became full time captain and flying the plane. By living his dreams which is to own an airline company, own a football team and own a F1 team, Fernandes’ own examples encourages his staff to pursue their dreams; Hire the right person. When Fernandes hires people, he looks for two things i. e. the hunger in their eyes and passion in their hearts. Fernandes and his partners both were in the music business prior to taking over AirAsia and they didn’t know anything about airline industry. But because they had passion, they were willing to work very hard. So when Fernandes hires, he looks for the right person which is a person with passion for aviation job. To Fernandes, his AirAsia staff are what makes AirAsia ahead of competitions; Communicating goals and assigning responsibilities. AirAsia’s inspiration is very simple based on the tagline â€Å"Everyone can fly. † It is not just a catchy slogan but it is what Fernandes and AirAsia staff actually do. It is a mission that Fernandes instilled in AirAsia staff and this inspire them to do everything possible to achieve this goal. AirAsia staff work is not just to fill up the seats but to enable people to fly and they believe when AirAsia enable people to fly, they bring families together, friends together, and children and parents together. Valued staff. Fernandes established a working atmosphere where his employees know that they are valuable to their organization. Mr Tony stressed that people were the biggest asset to an organisation and to him â€Å"employees come number one, customers number two because if you have a happy workforce, they will look after your customers anyway. † Break down the hierarchy relationship between manager and subordinates. Fernandes encourages AirAsia staff to speak up and he wants to get â€Å"every brain in the game† by relaxing formality and breaking down walls. His view is that AirAsia is not a one man show. The company needs all the 10,000 big brains working for them. In doing so, Fernandes makes AirAsia workspace into an open plan workspace where nobody has room. Literally – AirAsia senior management sits with all other Allstar in an open floor plan. Secondly, every staff has his contact number so that people from errand boys to senior management will just call, text, and email him directly, and they get problems solved very quickly; and Staff training. Fernandes started a training academy in Kuala Lumpur because he believes strongly in training and cultivating the company own resources. AirAsia staff from different countries will come to KL to be trained in one month and when they leave, they leave with AirAsia culture with them. Entrepreneur A manager is wearing an entrepreneur hat when he identifies new ideas, implements innovations, seeks opportunities, and plans for the future. Further, he looks for ways to improve productivity and efficiency within his organization and directs the change process from development to implementation. Mintzberg (1973) indicated that an entrepreneur is someone who seeks to improve his unit and adapt to changing conditions in environment. He is also described as the voluntary initiator of change. Based on the â€Å"Fying on Budget† article, I will explore in details the display of an entrepreneur role by Fernandes. The following are examples set out in the said article which shown Fernandes’ entrepreneurship roles and actions in AirAsia: Low-cost concept, new idea, new market. Discount airlines in Asia? Then years ago they barely existed, and in many countries the average consumer couldn’t afford to fly anywhere. But an agent of change was at work to change the terms of the trade. Fernandes took over the Malaysia’s then ailing AirAsia in 2001 and relaunched it as a no-frills airline in the mold of Ireland’s Ryanair based on budget airlines model such as online booking, no free meals or drinks, a simple fleet line-up, a focus on short and medium range flights, quick turnaround times in airports. AirAsia was ripe to reap form the pent-up demand for cheap ticket. Now nearly a fifth of the region’s airline seats are supplied by low-cost carriers, and the share for domestic flights in some countries is much higher. Sydney’s Centre for Asia Pacific Aviation, which compiles statistics on the low-cost carriers, sees rapid growth accelerating, with budget seats making up half the region’s capacity by 2015. What is remarkable is that this boom owes so much to a single, charismatic pioneer, Fernandes. Since then Fernandes has transformed Asia-Pacific air travel by introducing the low-cost concept and pushing countries to free up their airline markets. After AirAsia blazed the trail, some two dozen other budget carriers followed. Implement innovations and improvements. Today Fernandes has build up AirAsia as the largest low cost carrier in Asia-Pacific region, with nearly 8,000 employees, 100 planes and 140 routes including 40 that no airline had served before. Fernandes also set up Thai AirAsia and Indonesia AirAsia, each where AirAsia has 49% state and this allow AirAsia to work efficiently across borders. Further, after the success of AirAsia’s short-haul flights, in 2007, AirAsia set up AirAsiaX and expanded into long-haul flights. Fernandes calls it â€Å"AirAsia on steroids,† with fares as low as 50% below the legacy-carrier prices for flights from Kuala Lumpur to Australia, Tokyo, Seoul, Jeddah, Theran, London and, soon, Paris and Christchurch. This enable AirAsia flies throughout Southeast Asia, to numerous cities in China and India, and long haul to South Korea, Japan, the Middle East, Australia and Europe. Cost reduction. AirAsia’s operating costs, which the aviation centre ranks as the world’s lowest, at just 3. 52 US cents per available seat-kilometre in the second quarter of 2010. Yet profits were plenty, given operating revenue per available seat of 4. 87 US cents. By comparison, full-service Malaysia Airlines endured costs of 8. 75 US cents per kilometre on revenue of only 7. 9 US cents. Thai Airways meanwhile piled up costs of 7. 15 US cents on revenue of 6. 76 US cents. Yet AirAsia also scores on service. Passengers polled by Skytraz ranked it the world’s best low-cost airline in 2009 and 2010. Leverage on existing business. Budget fliers need a budget place to stay so Fernandes leveraged AirAsia. com’s web traffic and launched Tune Hotels in 2007. Billed as â€Å"five-star rooms at one-star prices,† the brand has 11 hotels in Malaysia, Bali and London, with more opening in the U. K. , India, Bangladesh, Thailand, the Philippines and China. For a typical rate of USD25 a night, quests can count on a clean, comfortable, stylishly modern room in a good location. Behind the hotels stands the privately held Tune Group. There is Tune Talk (for low-cost roaming mobile telecoms) and Tune Money (for prepaid debit cards and insurance). Negotiator Negotiator role means a manager who acts as a representative for the company during times of negotiation be it with other organizations, competitors, contractors, suppliers, and employees and where he looks out for the best interests of his company. Mintzberg (1973) stated that negotiations are duties of the manager as only he has the authority to commit organizational resources in â€Å"real-time†, and only he has the nerve-centre information that important negotiations require. A manager will focus on working and discussing within the firm in order to reach agreements within the firm and with externals. Based on the â€Å"The Young Banker and the Maestro†, I will explore in details Kam’s role and skills in negotiating on behalf of his organization, RHB Capital Berhad (â€Å"RHBCap†) in acquiring OSK Investment Bank Berhad (â€Å"OSKIB†) from OSK Holdings Berhad (â€Å"OSK†). The largest shareholder of OSK was Tan Sri Ong Leong Huat (â€Å"OLH†) himself with slightly more than 40% equity interests. The deal was successfully close off at a price tag of 1. 77 times of OSKIB’s book value, valuing the deal at RM1. 95 billion showing that Kam was no pushover despite asking price rumoured to be at least 2. 0 times book value. Further, Kam was able to convinced OLH to accept shares of RHBCap as the purchase consideration resulting in OSK emerging as a substantial shareholder of RHBCap with a 10% stake. This works to the benefit of RHBCap as they have a new substantial shareholder joining RHBCap wagon on long term basis. The following are examples set out in the said article which shown Kam’s role and actions in negotiating the acquisition of OSKIB:- When RHBCap announced in early 2012 that it plans to acquire OSKIB, industry observers wondered if the young Mr Kellee Kam, at just 38 could best OSKIB founder Tan Sri Ong Leong Huat, in striking a deal that favoured RHBCap; OLH, 67 of age is almost twice Kam’s age and has been a successful player in the financial services industry for more than four decades. People who know OLH say he is known to drive hard bargain and it would take some doing to win one over him. Hence the stage was set for some interesting dynamics between the young professional banker and the maestro; Kam and OLH each led their teams in the negotiations from opposite sides of the table and each wanted to get the best deal fir their stakeholders especially OLH since he has more than 40% stake in OSKIB; At the end Kam was able to convince OLH to sell OSKIB at 1. 77 times financed by cash and RHBcap shares showing that he was no pushover using the following negotiating skills:- i) He showed respect to OLH who was twice his age and twice his experience in financial services industry. â€Å"To have done what he has done at OSK†¦. he is among the people who were around long before people like me came onto the scene. They built the industry. † This was Kam’s acknowledgment of his respect for OLH. ii) He identified OLH as a straight-talking businessman, so he used his experience in handling straight-talking mentors in RHBCap in his negotiations with TSOLH; iii) Although it was hard for him being a professional manager to try to understand the entrepreneur mindset, especially one who had built a business from scratch. But Kame did not let this difficulty to deter him. Further, he went in with nothing to lose attitude and hence did not succumb to fear because he thought that the worse OLH could say is no, and they would have got away with a drink and a chance to have had a good discussion with a guy who had built a successful company; iv) Though price is one of the most important factors any buying or selling deal, his approach was not to talk about price first because he understands OLH is a businessman who was more interested for a long term capital gain than immediate cash money. Hence Kam started off his negotiation by checking whether they share the same vision for the combined entity and that if OLH was to dispose OSKIB, whether he is interested to take a strategic stake in RHBCap and to involve in growing the combined entity together. v) Once both parties agreed there was going to be enhanced value for the merged entity which will make the enlarged RHB-OSK entity into no. 1 domestic stockbroking house and third sizable Malaysian investment bank player on the Asean bank consolidation scene alongside Maybank and CIMB, price was secondary matter. This approach took a bit longer but once they crossed that bridge, it was easier to come to a settlement price. Thus at the end Kam was able to seal the deal while still protecting RHBCap’s interest. Conclusions Even though Mintzberg’s research was conducted many years ago, his discoveries of the ten managerial roles are still seen in business today. However, each individual manager is unique as their experiences, backgrounds, talents, skill sets different from one another. Example, a manager from marketing background may due to the nature of its work mastered a liaison role since his/her main responsibilities are to establish and maintain contacts within and outside the organization, build up favors and networking. Meanwhile a manager from purchasing background may be an expert in taking up negotiator role since most part of its jobs require him/her to get the best bargain for its organization. Entrepreneurs, creative directors or designers on the other hand may have exceptational talents and very strong in entrepreneur role but weak in interpersonal roles. Hence, it is unlikely to pin down and rate each managerial role from the most difficult to the less difficult. All these depend on the individual manager, their past trainings, experiences and skills set that they have mastered over the years. In real world, at any given time, a manager may be carrying out some combination of those roles to varying degrees, from none of their time to 100% of their time. Meaning those roles overlap and a manager must learn to balance them in order to manage effectively. According to Mintzberg â€Å"The manager who only communicates or only conceives never gets anything done. So a manager has to be good in all three categories of the managerial roles to be effective in their organizations.