Waterfront Disputes Essay Research Paper The 1998 free essay sample

Waterfront Disputes Essay, Research Paper The 1998 Waterfront Dispute was described by John Howard ( the Prime Minister ) as a specifying minute in Australia s industrial dealingss history. It represented a alteration in authorities scheme from the Labor Government s partizan stance to the Broad Government s provocative stance. Discuss. a ) the extent to which this statement reflects the alteration in policy accurately: and B ) the extent to which this alteration affects the modern-day pattern of employment dealingss. During the clip period from 1996-1977 the Australian Government and NFF ( national husbandmans Federation, consider assorted option to replace Maritime Time Union Association ( MUA ) . They glad plan involved cooperation reconstituting companies using MUA labor in the Patrick Empire. Patrick and his legal adviser and advisers, consider assorted option to re-place brotherhood workers. On 7 April 1998, Patrick sacked its 1400 MUA work force at its assorted location across Australia and replaces them with non-union work force. Patrick Steverdorin ( formely Strang Patrick Retentions ) were backed up by Australian Broad Government, NFF ( National Farmers Federation ) on other manus the Stevedores workers had the full support of MUA backed by Australian Workers Union ( AWU ) , International Transport Workers Federation ( ITWF ) , coal mineworkers. We will write a custom essay sample on Waterfront Disputes Essay Research Paper The 1998 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The authorities engagement in the company was because of two grounds ; hapless efficiency and low productiveness by MUA work force, comparison to international criterions. The maltreatment and breach of Australia Work Act ( AWAs 1996 ) to use non-union labour substituted with brotherhood labour was the cardinal features of waterfront difference. Mention: 1. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.workersnews.flex.com.au/wn/200398/web.html ) , 2. Broad and National Parties ( 1996 ) Conveyance Policy, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.liberal.org.au/ARCHIVES/TRANSPORT/trans.htm Svensen, S. ( 1995 ) The Sinews of War: Difficult Cash and the 1890 Maritime Strike. University of New South Wales Press, NSW. Yes, the statement stated above is true, the Labor Government was in a manner in favour with brotherhoods. Source tells there was close connexion between Australian Labor Trade Union ( ACTU ) . Hawke and Keating labour could non purse full deregulating the labor as concern community would hold liked. But they negotiated brotherhoods and ACTU and the award system towards decentralized enterprise dickering agreement was implemented. The 1980 besides saw established diminution in brotherhood rank, it straight related in weaken industrial power of labour authorities. There was as important alterations made by the Labor Government IRRA 199, when non-union endeavor flexibleness understandings ( Coullthard,1996 ) by this illustration: By the mid of last century, Stevedoring company had 25,600 workers. Because of International competitions and mechanisation of Patrick Stevedores, employers wanted a smaller but extremely trained, disciplined and flexible work force to increase productiveness and cost film editing. There was a struggle between the employers and employees because of the purpose of employer s to cut off big figure of workers. The Labor Government established an Inter State Commission ( ISC ) in 1986. The ISC produced an industry program in 1989 and a three-party organic structure, the Waterfront Industry Reform Authority ( WIRA ) , was established to implement it. Then the work force was successfully reduced with the understanding of the brotherhoods and employers by 57 % through redundancies. Productivity increased by 75 % . ( Griffin and Svenson, 1998 ) This incident showed that non merely the Labor Government worked jointly with brotherhoods but was besides had policies of restructuring and globalization of the Australian economic system, which was accompanied by efforts to soften the impacts on vulnerable group through mark income security and labor market plans. The Howard Liberal authorities came to power holding committedness to better efficiency and labour market by re-building Industrial Relationship Act, they scheme was to altering AWA act to accomplish this their introduced Workplace Relation Act ( 1996 ) , After the implement of the act. The under act ( AWAs.s170VF ) contain Individual Bargaining, which was clearest look desire to avoid external intervention, from the 3rd parties, like brotherhoods. For first clip in Australian history an single employee can contend against his employers in affair affecting any in justness of any sort done to him/her at the workplace. The Liberal Party s industrial policy plan obviously stated: There will no range of uninvited brotherhood intercession to thwart AWAs # 8230 ; . , AWAs will help in developing common intent a common intent between employers and employees for the benefits of all ( Reith,1965:5 ) . The monopoly held by the brotherhood from this clip onwards had ended. Australian Industrial Relation ( AIRC ) was eradicated.187AA and s.124 of the WRA which prevents an employer paying work stoppage wage and prevents the AIRC hearing these affairs. Like Mr. Howard s reassurance that no worker would be worse off. Labor Government legislative amendment 1992 began peculiar changed relationship bargaining and mandatory arbitration and between corporate understandings and awards further 1993 weaken the enfranchisement list by presenting the construct of the non-disadvantage trial. This list ensures that award status traded for wage rise, if there is no error done by an employee. WRA ( 1996 ) is in favour of employers instead than employees but it is against brotherhoods which was the chief motivation when Broad Government came into power, it acquire everything what they got against brotherhoods. In decision the Waterfront difference has been a biggest measure in reforming AIRC act, the loss of the Patrick, Broad Government and NFF was set back. The most of import thing was the solidarity which the MUA members hold on together till the triumph. We learn that Labor authorities were one of the first authorities in Australia to take measure against deconcentrating of brotherhoods in Australia, which were so followed by Broad authorities to take much more agitative base against brotherhoods. Equally, while the Australian brotherhood motion has won this conflict, the battle between capital and labor will go on.

Perversion of Society essays

Perversion of Society essays In todays society a person is shaped by family, friends, and past events, but in Aldous Huxleys classic novel, Brave New World, there is no such thing as family, history and true friends. The government controls every aspect of an individual from their creation in the hatcheries to their conditioning for their thoughts and careers. In this brave new world the ideas of stability and community reign supreme, and the concept of individualism is foreign and suppressed, Everyone belongs to everyone else, after all, (47). Huxley perverses contemporary morals and concepts in Brave New World, thus distorting the ideas of materialistic pleasures, savagery versus society, and human relationships. These distortions contribute to the effectiveness of Brave New World, consequently creating a novel that leaves the reader questioning how and why. In the year A.F. 632 no pleasure is denied to the populous. Hypnopaedia is used as a device to form the moral education of children. What is taught through this method is not true ethics, but warped actions trained by words. An illustration of this is in the teaching of Elementary Sex to children. The society that Huxley created was one where having sex often and with many people was a positive course of action. Anyone who did not have multiple partners, such as Lenina or Bernard, were considered a blight to society. Society as a whole uses the act of having sex as relief from pain and emotions. A person does not have to lust for someone they merely set up a time and place for them to meet and have sex, and it is completely accepted by everyone. When sex is not enough to relieve a person from pain or loneliness they take soma, a drug that stimulates them into happiness. Unlike the drugs of present day there is no set backs from taking soma, no headaches after use, and afte r all One cubic centimetre cure ten gloomy, (60). Finally, there is the ...

The 18 Hardest ACT English Questions Ever

The 18 Hardest ACT English Questions Ever SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’ve been hard at work studying for the ACT, you’ve mastered the basics of the test. But are you ready to tackle the hardest grammar, punctuation, syntax, and writing logic questions that ACT English will throw at you? Read this article to try your hand at 18 of the toughest, most confusing challenges ACT English poses. Then check out the detailed explanations of what makes each question tick, how to solve it and others like it, and what to watch out for when faced with similar questions on the real test. Why Should You Care About the Hardest ACT English Questions? Of course it is good to be able to answer all the questions you'll see on the ACT. But, how deeply you should be concerned about acing the hardest questions depends on what yourtarget score is. Are you trying to get as close to aperfect ACT score as possible?Getting above a 33 on ACT English leaves almost no room for error, so if you’re aiming for the highest scores, these are the questions you need to be able toanswer correctly. If you’re lessconcerned with getting the best possible score, then it’s good to know what the toughest questions look like because your strategy may be to skip some of them. What Makes ACT EnglishQuestions Hard? Surprisingly, questions aren’t hard because they test new or more complex material.Instead, what makes the hardest questions so challenging is that often, they ask you to do several types of thinking at the same time. Often, questions propose counterfactual ideas, where you have to keep in mind both the original and a completely different version of the text. For example, a regular reading comprehension question would ask what the main point of a passage is. Meanwhile, a difficult reading comprehension question would first present a scenario where the passage was altered in some way, and then ask how its main point would change as a result. (See Question 8 below for how this works in practice.) Also possible are questions that test several different grammar, punctuation, and style issues at once. For instance, each suggested answer choice for a hard grammar-based question could be completely plausible rather than obviously wrong. You would have to comb the sentence for meaning and style, not just grammatical information, in order to answer correctly. (Question 5 does this particular trick.) Finally, questions can add a layer of complexity byswitching from a detail-oriented to a big-picture focus. You could be asked to correctly complete a sentence in a passage - and then realize that your answer changes depending on how you interpret that passage! (Question 7 is an example ofthis.) Complexity is created when many simple things are layered on top of each other. Spoiler Warning! Before I show you the actual hardest questions, I think it's only fair to warn you. These questions are all fromthe official ACT practice tests(the PDF tests, not the online oneon the ACT website)! If you’re the type of person who will see them once and remember them forever, maybe wait to read the rest of the article till after you’ve taken the practice tests in test-day conditions. The Hardest ACT English Questions Since ACT English is an entirely passage-based section, all of these questions come from long passages, which I mostly haven’t included. Try to answer each question in about 35 seconds – that’s how long you’ll have on the test. Once you're done, check out theanswer and explanation that follows each question. Question 1 The county cleared this path and paved it with packed gravel, so they would have a peaceful place to hike and bike. Which of the following alternatives to the underlined portion would NOT be acceptable? path, paving path and then paved path before paving path paved The Challenge This question is hard for two reasons. First, because your brain is trained to assume that most answers are wrong, so this reverse question format - where most of the answers are correct - is challenging. And second,because each suggested option tests your knowledge of a different piece of grammar. Answer: D Explanation To find the unacceptable alternative, let’s first figure out the meaningof the original sentence. Two things happened: first the county cleared the path, and then the county paved it. So any answer choices that express this sequence of events would fit the sentence, and thus not be the "wrong" answer that we are looking for here. Answers A, B, and C all express the same idea in slightly different ways,creating perfectly grammatical phrases. Now let’s see what happens when we plug in answer J. We get this weird sentence: â€Å"The county cleared this path paved it with packed gravel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is clearly arun-on sentence, so answer J is our odd man out. Question 2 The first train took twenty-six minutes to complete the route, which ran from City Hall to West 145th Street in under a half an hour. NO CHANGE in the completion of its route. in twenty-six minutes. DELETE the underlined portion and end the sentence with a period. The Challenge Redundancy is sometimes tricky to spot. Especially when, like here, the repeating thing is a concept rather than a word used more than once, and is placed far away in the sentence from whatever it’s duplicating. Answer: D Explanation You first have to realize that 26 minutes is the same thing as "under a than half hour."Once you see this, you know that the question is testing editing out repetition. The original (answer A) doesn’t work, since it’s repeating the route length already described in the beginning of the sentence.Answer C has the same problem – it’s repeating the route time exactly as already expressed.Answer B takes one type of redundancy and replaces it with another, since it’s just a variant of the words â€Å"to complete the route† already in the sentence. So, the only answer that fixes all the redundancies is D. Question 3 The fresco is a dynamic work because, by capturing the energy, humanity, and collective achievement of the Detroit workers, celebrates all working men and women. NO CHANGE that, while, that was, The Challenge By interrupting the sentence with a long aside, the question breaks your concentration and makes it hard to see that although â€Å"because† fits the meaning and logic of the sentence, it isn't grammatical. Answer: B Explanation If you realize that the sentence is being broken in half by a long descriptive phrase, then you can simply take it out! Without the phrase"by capturing the energy, humanity, and collective achievement of the Detroit workers," our sentence simply reads: The fresco is a dynamic work because celebrates all working men and women. That clearly doesn't work, so answer A is out. Now you can simply plug the other answers in to see which of them makes sense. C and D also create nonsense sentences. Answer B is the only choice that gives us a functional sentence with orwithoutthe long descriptive phrase. Question 4 We talked just as easily as we had in the past, when we would sit in the field behind Joan’s house atop the rabbit hutch and discuss our friends and our hopes for the future. NO CHANGE in the field atop the rabbit hutch behind Joan’s house atop the rabbit hutch in the field behind Joan’s house behind Joan’s house in the field atop the rabbit hutch The Challenge This question is all about figuring out how to fixmisplaced modifiers. It's hard because there’s a confusing jumble of three different prepositional phrases that you have to sort into the right order. Answer: C Explanation Let make a mental image of what’s happening, and then zoom out to do the correct placement of bodies. Imagine a movie camera literally zooming out from the conversation to show us where these two people are: There are two people. They are sitting on top of the rabbit hutch (basically a small shed). The hutch is in a field. The field is behind Joan’s house. OK, so now let’s go through the answers to see which describes that reality. The original text (answer A) says, basically: There are two people. They are sitting in a field. The field is behind Joan’s house. Either the field or Joan’s house is on top of the rabbit hutch. That makes no sense. Answer Bgoes: There are two people. They’re sitting in a field. The field is on top of the rabbit hutch†¦ ok, that’s also wrong. Answer Dhas: There are two people. They are sitting behind Joan’s house. They are in a field. The field is on top of the rabbit hutch. That’s the same problem again. Only answer Cfits our mental image of the scene. Don't picture the rabbits in your mental movie, though. Their cuteness is too distracting. Question 5 In some agricultural parts of Japan, for instance, these three stars are commonly referred to as Karasuki and represent a three-pronged plow. Given that all the choices are true, which one provides a detail that has the most direct connection to the information that follows in this sentence? NO CHANGE distant populated historic The Challenge Questions where there is no logically â€Å"wrong† answer are hard because you can’t easily eliminate answers by a quick glance. Here, you have to extract the correct information from the sentence and fit it to thevocabulary offered. Answer: A Explanation Since the question asks us to connect anadjective to what the sentence is about, let’s first figure out what is being described. The bits of information we have are: Something about stars A foreign word for the stars The stars look like a type of plow Now, let’s see whichword choice connects with one of these pieces of information. â€Å"Distant† means far away. Certainly the stars are far away, but in this sentence â€Å"distant† would modify â€Å"parts of Japan† and nothing in the sentence discusses geographic distances of any kind. â€Å"Populated† means inhabited, or where people live. That doesn’t go with anything else in the sentence. â€Å"Historic† means important because of past events that happened there. Again, this doesn’t connect with anything in the sentence. The original word â€Å"agricultural† means having to do with farming. And that goes directly with the fact that the stars represent a â€Å"three-pronged plow,† a type of farming implement. Question 6 Unbricking a kiln after a firing is like a person uncovering buried treasure. NO CHANGE someone a potter OMIT the underlined portion. The Challenge Illogical comparisons can be very tough to spot unless you are familiar with what to look for. Answer: D Explanation The basic rule is that you can only compare things that are alike in some way. For example, you can compare pears and plums (both fruits!), but you can’t compare a pear to a person eating a plum. One trick to spotting illogical comparison questions is to look for words like â€Å"than† or â€Å"is like† that signal that something is about to be compared to something else. This something else needs to immediately follow the words â€Å"than† or â€Å"is like.† So, what’s being compared here? â€Å"Unbricking a kiln.† Even if you don’t know what that means, it’s clearly an action of some sort. The original text (answer A) compares this action to â€Å"a person.† An action is clearly not like a person, so that’s out.Once you realize this, you can see that answers B and C are also out, since all they do is replace the word â€Å"person† with alternate versions. Only answer D removes the illogical comparison, so that the sentence now compares â€Å"unbricking† to â€Å"uncovering† – two similar actions. Question 7 [1] Our son has started playing organized T-ball, a beginner’s version of baseball. [2] â€Å"Organized† is what parents call it, anyway. [3] Joe is seven, living in those two or three years when children can manage to throw a baseball a few feet but when what they’re really interested in are things closer at hand: bugs, butterflies, dirt (if they’re in the infield), grass (if they’re in the outfield). [4] Children of that age still think nothing of doing little dances in the outfield, often with their backs to home plate and, consequently, the batter. [5] It’s not as if the outfielders’ positions matter much, though- the ball never gets hit hard enough to reach there. The writer wishes to add the following sentence in order to emphasize the uncertainty already expressed about an idea in the paragraph: I still have doubts. The new sentence would best amplify and be placed after Sentence: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Challenge This question is hard because you have to recognizethe sarcasm in the sentence before you can figure out that the author doesn’t mean what is written literally. Answer: B Explanation This question is testing your ability to detectauthorial mood and voice. In this case, the sentence â€Å"I still have doubts.† has to back up something that the author disagrees with or doesn’t believe in.The best way to solve this is to go option by option to see which sentence is the one where skepticism is introduced. The first sentence (answer A) is completely factual. The author tells us about her son’s new activity, and explains that T-ball is a type of baseball. None of this is in dispute, so putting â€Å"I still have doubts† after this wouldn’t make sense. Sentence 3 is alsoquite fact-based. We learn the son’s age, and then get the author’s generalization about the inability of young kids to focus on the game. This is an opinion that the author clearly believes in, so putting â€Å"doubts† after this would be wrong. Sentence 4 continues the theme of distractibility, with a funny image of outfielders dancing around while the ball is in play. The author doesn’t doubt that this is the case – it’s clearly a description coming from personal experience. Sentence 2, on the other hand, is riddled with sarcasm and humor. We can tell because the word â€Å"organized† is now in quotation marks, separated out as being untrue. The phrase â€Å"what parents call it† signals that despite being called organized, T-ball is anything but. Finally, the adverb â€Å"anyway† signs the author’s shoulder shrug at the fact that other parents can see any organization on the field – a shrug that is followed by a bunch of evidence of how little attention the kids are paying to the game in progress. Right after sentence 2 is the perfect place to emphasize the author’s disagreement with the sentence â€Å"I still have my doubts.† Baseballs, tennis balls, a stuffed animal - just your basic T-ball chaos. Question 8 Banneker lived and worked on the family farm. After his father died in 1759, Banneker took over the responsibility of the farm and the care of his mother and younger sisters. In addition, he pursued scientific studies and taught himself to play the flute and violin. If the writer were to delete the last part of the preceding sentence (ending the sentence with a period after the word studies), the paragraph would primarily lose: support for the essay’s point about Banneker’s love of learning. a direct link to the previous paragraph. a humorous description of Banneker’s other interests. an extensive digression about music The Challenge The trick here is that it’s difficult to mentally process counterfactual information, like the question expects you to. The fact that answers B and C also sound plausible is an added challenge. Answer: A Explanation This question is checking to see how well you understand sentence-levelauthorial intention – why a writer includes or leaves out particular supporting details or examples. Another way to reframe this question is to ask: what purpose does the phrase â€Å"and taught himself to play the flute and violin† play in this passage?From reading it, we can see that it points to Banneker being interested in things other than just the farm and science.Now, let’s go through the answers to see which fits this description of the phrase. Answer D says that the section is an â€Å"extensive† discussion of music. Music is mentioned in the phrase, but only briefly and without any specific details. This answer is clearly wrong. It’s tempting to pick option C, since the phrase does deal with â€Å"other interests† – that’s what we noted in our own description – but there is nothing â€Å"humorous† about it. So, answer D is out. Answer B is also tempting – much of the longer passage dealt with Banneker’s various talents and skills. But we have an even better option to go with in this case. Answer A describes exactly what the phrase that question suggests cutting out does: it shows that Banneker loved to learn about all sorts of things. Question 9 The two principal types of kayaks are: the easily maneuverable white-water kayak and the largest sea kayak. NO CHANGE very biggest more large larger The Challenge You have to know that you are only comparing two things, so you can’t use thesuperlative form of the adjective. Answer:D Explanation When we compare a specific quality of several things, we can change the form of the adjective we use to show which object has more of that quality. For example, three tiny things can be ranked in size order: Small Smaller (the comparative form of the adjective â€Å"small†) Smallest (the superlative form of the adjective â€Å"small†) The rule is that if three or more things are being compared, then one of them can be labeled with the "-est"form of the adjective.But if only two things are being compared, then only the "-er"form of the adjective can be used. In this case, we are comparing two things: we are ranking the â€Å"white-water kayak† and the â€Å"sea kayak† in size order.Since there are only two things, we can’t use either â€Å"largest† or â€Å"biggest† to describe the sea kayak, so answers Aand Bare out. Some adjectives need the words â€Å"more† and â€Å"most† to indicate comparison. For example, you can’t say â€Å"this actor is woodener than that one,† you have to say â€Å"this actor is more wooden than that one.†But in this case, â€Å"large† does easily take the "-er"form, so answer Cis out, and answer Dis the right one. Question 10 Radioactive pools of toxic waste are okay for others to live in; even acid cannot kill them. NO CHANGE are all right for others to live in; are home to still others; suit others to a tee; The Challenge It can be hard toavoid overly colloquial speech and to modulate language level correctly. Answer: C Explanation Using words that are appropriately formal and avoiding diction that’s too slangy or casual is an important skill on the ACT. In this case, there is nothing grammatically wrong with the underlined phrase,but the sentence is clearly a piece of scientific writing, so this language is just too casual for this context.That means we have to find a version of the phrase that means the same thing, but uses more elevated language. The word â€Å"okay† in particular jumps out as being inappropriate here (so answer Ais wrong).Answer Bproposes changing â€Å"okay† to â€Å"all right† – this doesn’t really raise our diction in any way, so this answer is out.Answer Dreplaces the phrase with theidiomatic phrase â€Å"suit to a tee,† but this kind of folksy expression is still not the right fit. The most neutral and least casually inflected option is answer C, which creates themost compact and formal version of this description. Question 11 As the dancers step to the music, they were also stepping in time to a sound that embodies their unique history and suggests the influence of outside cultures on their music. NO CHANGE are also stepping have also stepped will also step The Challenge Some questions aboutmatching verb tenses are tricky because of the context of the sentence. Here, the words â€Å"time† and â€Å"history† can lead you down the wrong path, as can answer choice C. Answer:B Explanation Usually, verbs in the same sentence should be in the same tense: present, past, or future. Sometimes, though, when a sentence explains a shift in time, verb tenses shift along with it. For example: I think (now, so present tense) in the future we will be (later, so future tense) wearing utilitarian jumpsuits. In this question, the sentence seems to point to something about the dancing taking place in the past, as we connect the dancers dancing now to a â€Å"history.† But you have to realize that the dancing itselfis only happening in the present. This means that both forms of the verb â€Å"step† have to be in the present tense. The original verb (answer A) is in the past tense, whileAnswerDoffers us the future tense - both wrong. Answer Cis tempting because the helping verb â€Å"have† seems to be in the present tense. However, the full verb isâ€Å"have stepped† which is a past tense that'sused for actions that started in the past and are still ongoing. That’s not the case here, so answer Cis out. Answer Bsolves the problem by matching the present tense of the first verb, â€Å"step† with the present continuous â€Å"are stepping.† Question 12 To add to the confusion, every New Year’s Day a person according to this Korean counting system, becomes a year older, regardless of his or her actual birthday. NO CHANGE person, person; person who, The Challenge The many different commas in the sentence can easily throw you off track. You have to seethat the phrase â€Å"according to this Korean counting system† needs to be set off with commas. Answer: B Explanation This sentence is such a confusing jumble of phrases that it’s hard to make heads or tails of what goes with what and which punctuation is appropriate. First, let’s take the sentence apart and connect the pieces that actually go together. â€Å"To add to the confusion,† – prepositional phrase â€Å"every New Year’s Day† – prepositional phrase â€Å"a person† – subject â€Å"according to this Korean counting system,† – verb phrase â€Å"becomes a year older,† – verb â€Å"regardless of his or her actual birthday.† – prepositional phrase Breaking everything down like this shows us that there is a descriptivephrase separating the sentence’s subject and verb, which are: "a person becomes a year older." This means that this separating phrase needs to be set off from the rest of the sentence by commas, so answers A and C are out.Answer D gives us the comma, but it also introduces a dependent clause subject (â€Å"who†). We only have one verb, so we don’t need two subjects, so this answer is wrong. Only B fixes the actual problem, adding a comma to set off the modifier. What if you were born on New Year's Day? Do you get to celebrate twice? No? OK, fine - how about just two slices of cake then? Question 13 Wearing Jeans in School In 1970, the school board in Pittsfield, New Hampshire, approved a dress code that prohibited students from wearing certain types of clothing. The school board members believed that wearing â€Å"play clothes† to school made the students lax and indifferent toward their school work, while more formal attire established a positive educational climate. When twelve-year-old Kevin Bannister wore a pair of blue jeans to school, he was sent home for violating the dress code. Kevin and his parents believed that his constitutional rights had been violated. The United States District Court of New Hampshire agreed to hear Kevin’s case. His claim was based on the notion of personal liberty- the right of every individual to the control of his or her own person- protected by the Constitution’s Fourteenth Amendment. The court agreed with Kevin that a person’s right to wear clothing of his or her own choosing is, in fact, protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The court noted, however, that restrictions may be justified in some circumstances, such as in the school setting. So did Kevin have a right to wear blue jeans to school? The court determined that the school board had failed to show that wearing jeans actually inhibited the educational process. Furthermore, the board offered no evidence to back up its claim that such clothing created a negative educational environment. Certainly the school board would be justified in prohibiting students from wearing clothing that was unsanitary, revealing, or obscene. The court remained unconvinced, therefore, that wearing jeans would actually impair the learning process of Kevin or of his fellow classmates. Kevin Bannister’s case was significant in that it was the first in the United States to address clothing prohibitions of a school dress code. His challenge initiated a review of students’ rights and administrative responsibility in public education. Suppose the writer’s goal had been to write a brief persuasive essay urging students to exercise their constitutional rights. Would this essay fulfill that goal? Yes, because the essay focuses on how Kevin encouraged other students to exercise their constitutional rights. Yes, because the essay focuses on various types of clothing historically worn by students as a freedom of expression. No, because the essay suggests that the right to wear blue jeans was not a substantial constitutional right in the 1970s. No, because the essay objectively reports on one case of a student exercising a particular constitutional right. The Challenge After spending time examining this passage on a sentence level for all the other questions associated with it, it's pretty challenging tohave to zoom out and think about what is actually being said here. Plus, the answers all hit plausible notes. Answer: D Explanation You’re being tested on how well you understand overallauthorial intention – what the purpose and point of a given piece of writing are. So what features would an essay urging people to act have in it? It might be organized around a bit of activism. It might tell the story of some protest or challenge to the order of the day. It would have a clear point of view of who/what is right and who/what is wrong in a given situation or problem. It would most likely either start or end with a directive to go out there and do something. Does this passage do those things?It does tell the story of a legal challenge to established order.But it doesn’t do any of those other things. And, even if you can’t immediately picture what an essay urging action would sound like, you can check out the descriptions of this passage in the answers to see whether any of them actually fit what you just read. Answer A is wrong because there is no mention of Kevin interacting with other students in any way. Answer B is wrong because aside from jeans, there is no mention made of any other self-expressive clothing choices made by students. Answer C is tempting because it agrees that the essay is not urging anyone to do anything, but the answer also says that the passage picks a side in the fight over whether jeans are a constitutional right. But the essay does no such thing, so this answer is out. Answer D is the only one that actually describes this essay: it’s a simple, chronological, fact-based, neutral account of one court case. Question 14 Some sixty years later, an elderly Frances Griffiths publicly admitted that her and her cousin had staged the photographs as a practical joke. NO CHANGE her cousin and herself she and her cousin her cousin and her The Challenge The question is asking you to correct what is a prettycommon mistake in spoken English, where we don’t pay careful attention to pronoun forms when we use compound nouns. Ifyou're used to hearing people speak this way, you might be caught off guard here. Answer: C Explanation One trick to use, when you’re looking a compound noun (two nouns or pronouns connected with the word "and"), is to take the noun away, leave the pronoun, andsee whether the sentence still works. Here, we would get: "Frances Griffiths admitted that her had staged the photographs,† which is clearly wrong.This means answers A and D are out – both use the â€Å"her† form of the pronoun. Using the trick with answer B, we would get: â€Å"Frances Griffithsadmitted that herself had staged the photographs,† which also doesn’t work. The only answer that works is C, which uses the subject form of the pronoun: â€Å"she.† Question 15 One significant aspect of this relationship was: that Susan was perhaps the only reader of Emily’s poems-in-progress. NO CHANGE was that Susan was, that Susan was that Susan, The Challenge The difficulty here is that there are two types of punctuation rules being tested at the same time. Answer:B Explanation This question is testing how well you know how to punctuate a modifying clause (basically, a part of a sentence that explains the rest of the sentence). The rule is that if the modifying phrase is necessary for the sentence to make sense, then it doesn't need any commas around it. In this case,the modifying clause explains the relationship between the two women-â€Å"that Susan was perhaps the only reader of Emily’s poems-in-progress." Without it, the sentence wouldn't work at all: One significant aspect of this relationship was. This tells us that the correct answer is the one that leaves out any punctuation -answer B. Question 16 A lot of people hate to ride the New York City subways, but I love them because I like to get places fast. A musician balancing a cello case, two Buddhist monks in saffron robes, and a group of stockbrokers in crisp, charcoal gray suits get on at Wall Street. A passenger placidly sews while the subway train flings and jolts. A teenager who’s holding a shoebox containing a kitten as tiny as a gingersnap smiles as a line of girls in frilly white communion dresses file by. About three and a half million people a day ride the subways, and I think maybe I’ve met them all. At this point, the writer wants to provide one reason why she likes to ride the subways. Which choice is most relevant to the information provided in this first paragraph? NO CHANGE I never know what I’ll see there. they are so much cheaper than taxis. they are places of enormous quiet and calm. The Challenge This question challenges you to find the common theme of the paragraph and then circle back to apply it to this sentence. It's easy to get it wrong because eachof the answers is a completely plausible way to end the sentence - if you don't connect it to the rest of the passage. Answer: B Explanation Each answer option would create a totally different topic sentence for this paragraph. Yourjob is to use the paragraph to find clues for what a relevant topic sentence would be here The passage that follows the sentence is basically a long list of different people that the author has seen riding the subway: a musician, monks, stockbrokers, someone sewing, a teenager, and girls. Let’s see whether one of the answer choices sets up this list. Answers A and C are about the advantage of the subway as a mode of transportation. They’re true, but they aren’t what this paragraph is about. Answer D actually is about the environment inside the subway, but the paragraph describes a crazy mishmash of people and things, while â€Å"quiet and calm† are adjectives better suited to a library than public transit. Answer B is the only one that gives us an intro to what is to come in the rest of the paragraph. Then we all took off one shoe and got on the subway together! Question 17 The Navajo language is complex, with a structure and sounds that makes them unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure to it. NO CHANGE makes it make it make them The Challenge Because this question is testing both subject/verb agreement and noun/pronoun agreement, it's easy to get tripped up by it. Answer:C Explanation We are asked here to figure out two things: whether the verb â€Å"make† should be singular or plural and whether the pronoun "them" should be singular or plural.Let’s take these one at a time. A verb has to match its subject. In other words,a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject makes the verb plural.In this case, to figure out the right form of the verb "make," you have to first determine what is doing the making. What is making Navajo language complex? The structure and sounds. So, since the subject is plural, the right verb is "make," eliminating answers A and B. Similarly, a pronoun has to match the noun that it's linkingback to. Here, you have to analyze: what is being made complex by the structure and sounds? The Navajo language. Since this noun is singular, the underlined pronoun should be too, making C the correct answer. Question 18 On each wing, all flighted birds have ten primary flight feathers, each one shaped slight different. NO CHANGE slight differently. slightly differently. slightly more different. The Challenge Here, you have to realize that you have to use anadverb to modify a verb and another adverb. Answer: C Explanation Choosing whether to usean adjective or an adverbdepends on what you want to that word to describe. The rule is: nouns can be modified by nouns or adjectives; butadjectives, adverbs, and verbs can only be modified by adverbs. In this case, it’s important to first figure out what function the underlined words are playing.The sentence is explaining that each feather has a different shape from those around it. That means that the verb â€Å"shaped† is being modified by the word explaining variations in form. Since it’s modifying the verb, it needs to be an adverb, so it has to be â€Å"differently.† This means answers A and Dare out. But the sentence also points out that the feathers aren’t all that different from one another – their shapes have mild, not extreme variance.So the adverb â€Å"differently† is being modified by the word expressing the degree of difference. Since it’s modifying an adverb, it has to be â€Å"slightly,† so answer Cis correct. Flight feathers in action. How to Tacklethe Hardest ACT English Questions Now that you've seen what the ACT English section is ready to dish out, how can you get ready to meet its most difficult challenges? TakeComplexity Step By Step. Most of the hardest questions are difficult because they layerseveral rules, ideas, or concepts into one pile. Whenever this happens, your best bet is to untangle each part of the question and solve it on its own. Not only are you less likely to make mistakes if you work in simple steps, but often, solving one part of the question will lead you to find the right answer for the other parts as well. Use the Process of Elimination. Another useful technique is to cross out the answers you know are wrong. After you've done this, look at what's different about the remaining answer choices. Often, you will realize what the question is testing by looking at these left-over answers and comparing the changes they suggest with the original text. Balance Your Time Wisely. Earlier in this article, I told you that you would have only about 35 seconds to solve each ACT English question. But that's only if you spend the same amount of time on each of the questions in this section of the test. A better approach is to do a first pass through the section to solve the easiest questions as quickly as you can while still being precise. Then, you will have more time left to devote to the questions that need extra attention and care. Trust Your Gut.If all else fails, trycovering up all the answer choices (including the underlined originaltext), and read the restof the passage. See ifyou can form your own opinion about: the logical progression of the passage structure the way the different sentences, or the different parts of one sentence, relate to one another how you wouldfill inthe blank space yourself Then, try to find the answer choice that most closely matches your own thoughts, rather than being distractedby the answer choices. The Bottom Line The most challenging questions on ACT English are difficult because they: Check your understanding of more than one grammar, editing, or punctuation skill at the same time. Have several answer choices that seem correct on first glance. Force you to flip between detail-oriented, sentence or phrase-level observation and passage-wide comprehension. Present counterfactual information. Some ways to tackle these hardest questions on the test are: Simplify multi-layered questions by solving each component by itself. Use the process of elimination to cross out obviously wrong answers, and then figure out what the question is testing by comparing the remaining answers to one another. Balance your time wisely to have more time to spend on the most difficult questions. Trycovering up the answer choices and rewriting the underlined piece of the passage yourself. What’s Next? Shooting for the top score on the ACT? Check out our article on 9 strategies to a perfect score on ACT English, our guide togetting a perfect ACT score, and a discussion of how many questions you can miss and still score a 36. Need to study more for ACT English? Check out our guides forthe best way to prepare for ACT Englishandboosting your overall ACT score in 10 days. Wondering how you’ll stack up when you take the test? We’ve gotan explanation ofwhat a good/bad/excellent ACT score looks like, and advice onfinding a target score. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Managerial Decision in Economics Research Paper

Managerial Decision in Economics - Research Paper Example The study tries to unearth some of the aspects of managerial economics towards the decision of hiring by evaluating the various micro economic factors relevant to the case so as to formulate a set of plausible recommendation on this crucial aspect of managerial decision making. Definition Hiring of workers largely depends on the dynamics of the demand and supply aspects of the economy and the market. In a perfectly competitive market the hiring of labor is largely determined by the intersection point of the demand and supply curve of labor. The wages of these employees are also determined by the intersection of demand and supply for labor in a market. The demand for labor is numerically equal to the marginal revenue labor product. The marginal revenue product refers to the total increase in the firm’s revenues that occurs due to the aspects of hiring a new labor or other resource that is largely variable in nature. The demand for labor is largely determined by the consumer dem and for gods and services for a firm. This constitutes the derived aspects of determinant of the demand for labor. The labor supply curve shows the number of laborers that are willing towards working at specified rates. A firm operating in perfect market conditions hires workers until a point when the wage rate of laborers becomes equal to the marginal revenue product (Tucker, 2008, p.191). In order to tide over situations of increase in demand in the market firms normally resort to hiring of temporary workers to tide over the need for increased supply of workers to meet the equilibrium. However this does not appear be a formidable solution as the demand of products is likely to stabilize and that the company would need extra laborers to satisfy the customers. Hence it would be better to hire new permanent workers that would be beneficial in the long run. Factors or Costs Costs form the most important aspect for companies while undertaking a hiring decision. Most often business orga nizations take up a cost benefit analysis of the marginal cost of hiring a labor with the marginal benefits being offered by the hiring of a new additional worker. The main aim of a business organization is to make profits to satisfy its shareholders. Hence analyzing cost becomes important while undertaking a decision to hire a new worker. Firms undertake a hiring decision when the marginal benefit becomes greater than the marginal cost. Employing an additional resource in the organization would lead to the generation of an additional unit of output. However firms must realize that profit comes from marginal revenue and not marginal output. This calls for a delicate balance between marginal benefit and marginal cost. Only under conditions of the marginal revenue increasing a firm takes a decision to hire a new worker. In other words the marginal revenue product must be equal to the value marginal product (Gwartney, Sobel & Macpherson, 2006, p.537-539). Figure 1: Demand Curve for New Resource (Source: Gwartney, Sobel & Macpherson, 2006, p.539) The figure above shows the labor demand curve as a function of the cost of hiring a resource. The curve provides an idea about the marginal revenue product of a particular resource employed by an organization. The graph takes a downward movement as the marginal product would fall as the resource is used

Open v. Close source Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open v. Close source - Essay Example The application, system or program development life-cycle is a terminology that is often used in information systems, software and systems engineering to refer to processes associated with planning, creation, testing as well as deployment of information systems. The life-cycle of the development process applies to various software and hardware configurations since a system can be made up of software only, hardware or a blend of both. The development life-cycle for computer programs uses two methods or approaches, which are different in many ways depending on their application and style of development. Developers often choose between these two approaches depending on the complexity of the programs they are developing and other uses associated with them. Under a close-source model, the source code used is not often made available to the general public. This software is taken care of by a team that develops and produces the software in an effective compiled-executable state after which the public is allowed to access and use. Koch (2005) explains that this model was pioneered with Microsoft, who used in the development of their Microsoft and Windows programs. Later, several other companies have emerged to prefer the approach in the development of their programs. One of the key features of the open source model is that it often allows for other users to make modifications to the source codes. However, it should be known that the source codes for products designed are not always open for the general public. Beydeda (2005), posits that some of the most common advantages associated with this model is that it enhances trust, teamwork, acceptance and quality. According to Beydeda, (2005), non-free licenses are often used in the process of limiting what is termed by free software movements as essential freedoms. For the closed source model, its license only gives

Supply and Demand Essay Example for Free

Supply and Demand Essay Chapter 3—Supply and Demand Question 1. Draw a demand curve with an equilibrium price and quantity, show what happens on your diagram when each of the following events occurs. Explain whether each of the following events represents a (i) shift of the demand curve or (ii) a movement along the demand curve. (a) A store owner finds that customers are willing to pay more for umbrellas on rainy days (b) When XYZ Telecom, a long-distance telephone service provider, offered reduced prices for its services on weekends, the volume of weekend calling increased sharply. Question 2. The following table represents the demand and supply for orchids (a type of flower). Plot the curves on the diagram below a) Graph both the supply (S0) and the demand (D0) curves. What is the current equilibrium price and quantity? b) Something has happen to the supply of orchids and the new supply curve is given above. Graph the new supply curve. Is there a temporary shortage or surplus before the market adjusts? What is the new equilibrium price and quantity? c) Name all the factors that could shift the supply curve like it has? Question 3. In the following situation, draw the market for wheat After each event described below, what will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity as a result? Draw a diagram and be sure to label everything. (i) Due to good weather, 1997 was a very good year for Prairie wheat growers, who produced a bumper crop of wheat. At the same time, there is an announcement by the Canadian Health Organization saying that corn is bad for your heart.

Essay --

Patriarchy The literal translation of the word â€Å"Patriarchy† from is the rule of the man. A patriarchal system is one of â€Å"social relations among males which creates and maintains the domination of women†(Anderson, 1988, p.8 Meta.pdf). In a patriarchal society this ideology is found in most spheres, including religion, politics and economy (Moghadam, 1992 IPV2012.pdf). It’s continuity is further guaranteed by raising children according to gender role stereotypes (Dobash & Dobash, 1979 IPV2012). These stereotypes include toughness and assertiveness for men and modesty and concern with the quality of life for women[14] Men are also raised to cherish instrumental goals such as task accomplishment, domination and acquisition of power (Meta.pdf) women are socialized toward interdependence or nurtural goals, such as cooperation or caregiving According to Talcott Parsons’ (Parsons, 1955) model of total role segregation, women are supposed to be occupied with hous ework and raising children, while being away from the workplace and leaving career advancement to men [source]. Many developing countries also have low level of female participation in government and the work force [Ð ¿Ã ¾Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ¼] Wife abuse Spouse abuse, otherwise known as domestic violence or intimate partner violence (IPV) has various forms such as, battering, rape, economic deprivation, using weapons etc. [Shipway, ]. Violence against women is serious issue in many countries. A recent survey by WHO found that more than 50 percent of women in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru and Tanzania reported having been subjected to physical or sexual violence by intimate partners, with figures going up to 71 percent in rural Ethiopia. [WHO] Wife abuse is associated with urban residence, poverty a... ...other words, patriarchy is by far the most important factor that contributes to the justification of IPV. It is also worth noting that a similar survey which interviewed 450 women in the West Bank found that 59% of women believed wife abuse was justified in certain situations, particularly in cases when a wife abused the husband. Therefore, it can be concluded, that in Palestinian society both women are men are deeply affected by patriarchal ideology and both are prone to justify wife abuse. Palestine is a complex society with a multitude of problems. The apparent and pressing issue of wife abuse has various factors for it, such as Israeli occupation and political violence. However, the main reason for the justification and proliferation of wife abuse is patriarchal ideology, ingrained in both spouses and in society as well as the legal system as a whole. Religion

Exam Questions Essay

Advanced countries, which have the capability to innovate, as well as high-income levels and mass consumption, will sell the item first to its domestic market, then will become initial exporters of goods to other technically advance countries. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. The advanced country loses their exports initially to developing countries (who will import and later manufacture these goods) and subsequently to less developed countries. Eventually, the original advanced country (original innovator) will become importers of these goods because they will have begun producing other new products. The duration of each stage of the cycle varies with the product and the type of management supporting it. Understanding the product life-cycle stages allows a company to fully take advantage of market opportunities by either establishing or protecting a competitive advantage through a long-lasting market presence. The main usiness reason for extending the product life-cycle would be to increase sales through longer existence in the marketplace. Certain consumers will embrace a product at different stages of the product life cycle so by extending each stage of the cycle, there is a better chance of exposure to the targeted consumer group. A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer. Stage one is considered the new product stage and this is where domestic production essentially begins. After a period of research and development, a new product is introduced to meet local (or national) needs. The product is created, produced and consumed in the domestic market and virtually no trade takes place. During the introduction phase, the innovating company does not know the extent to which a profitable market exists. For instance in the late 1970’s and into the early 1980’s, during the early stages of the personal computer, IBM and Apple pc’s were produced in the US and aimed for office and small business use. Personal computer use spread quickly throughout the domestic market as more and more households made purchases for increased personal productivity and gaming purposes. In stage two, the maturing product stage, domestic production peaks as the demand for the product significantly increases since the consumer base begins to acknowledge the product value. This stage is signified by a period of growth as sales and a rise in profits as mass-production techniques are developed and foreign demand expands (developed countries). At this stage the product is now exported to other developed countries and both domestic and foreign competitors emerge. A copy product is produced elsewhere and introduced in the home country (and elsewhere) to capture growth in the home market. Based on production costs, manufacturing moves to other countries. As was the case with Apple PC’s, production in this stage moved out of the original facility and into manufacturing plants in California and Texas as well as distribution warehouses in both the US and the Netherlands. Stage three is the standardized product stage. This is when the market for the product stabilizes and domestic production declines. The product becomes more of a article of trade and companies are compelled to reduce manufacturing costs which is the main reason for moving production sites to countries with lower labor costs. As production moves to developing countries, in turn, they begin to export the product to developed countries. A product saturation phase is experienced as sales level off and the first signs of decline occur. In the personal computer industry, the US market low-priced brand-name imports from producers such as South Korea’s Hyundai and Samsung. Several Taiwanese manufacturers exported millions of personal computers both to the US and other countries, a large portion which are produced for foreign distributors. To contest this, Apple condensed their product line, expanded use of industry standard parts, outsourced component manufacturing and streamlined warehousing operations. There is a final stage of decline in which poorer countries constitute the only markets for the product and import competition is very strong. At this point, almost all declining products are produced in less developed countries. The PC is not necessarily a good example of decline, for one because there is a weak demand for computers in less developed countries, but rather an example of technology that is ever improving which would make earlier versions of computers and related software obsolete. Normally, a product may finally disappear from the market at this point, however, PC technology continue to improve. There is no threat of the PC disappearing, but certain versions will eventually become dinosaurs. . Explain Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia’s development as an international mobile telecom powerhouse. Michael Porter’s â€Å"theory of national competitive advantage† framework was the product of a study of patterns of comparative advantage among industrialized nations and looked at sources of competitive advantage from a national context. The diamond-shaped theory can be used to evaluate both a firms’ ability to function in a national market as well as a national markets’ ability to compete internationally. Porter’s theory of international trade comes from the interaction of four country- and firm-specific elements: 1. Factor conditions – this is a country’s legacy of production factors that affect its ability to compete on an international level such as human resources, physical resources, knowledge resources, etc. Porter looks beyond the most basic factors of land, labor and capital to include the educational level of the workforce and the quality of the country’s infrastructure. 2. Demand conditions – demand in the home market helps the company to establish a competitive advantage. A highly developed domestic market will pressure a firm to innovate faster and to create more advanced products than those of competitors. When the domestic market for a particular product is larger locally than in foreign markets, the â€Å"home† firm will devote more attention to that product which leads to a competitive advantage when exporting begins. 3. Related and supporting industries – these related and supporting industries provide cost-effective inputs and participate in the process of upgrading which serves to stimulate other companies in the chain to innovate. When local supporting industries are competitive, the â€Å"home† firm experiences more cost-effectiveness and innovation. This effect is reinforced when the supporting industries (suppliers) are strong competitors as well. 4. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry – the way in which companies are created and managed are important for success. The presence of rivalry in the domestic market is important because it creates pressure to continually innovate in order to promote competitiveness. Other conditions that affect the diamond theory are: – Government – obviously the government can influence the supply conditions of key productions factors, the demand conditions in the domestic market and the competition between domestic firms. The government can also intervene on several different levels (local, regional, national, international). -Chance – clearly, chance events will occur that are outside the control of the domestic firm. Chance is important because it can create or disrupt competitive positions. Porter’s Diamond in terms of Nokia Factor conditions: -Finland is one of the world’s most homogenous and stable societies as well as having very sophisticated consumers; -As a country, Finland has invested money into a strong educational system which gives them an excellent educational system with which to provide the necessary work force; -Finland has a uniform, market-oriented government; Nokia, with close ties to national government, has helped propel technology, legal issues and export opportunities. Finland as a whole has a national competitive strategy; -Substantial public investment in telecommunications-related R&D which focuses on wireless technology; -Finland has a tradition of innovative engineering and telecom industry -Due to harsh physical and natural conditions, options for a land-based wired system was a very expensive option, making wireless digital systems a relative bargain for the same price; -Most of the population speaks English; -Finland was an early adopters of the internet and other wireless activities. Demand conditions: – As mentioned in the Factor Conditions, a sparsely populated area supports adoption of wireless devices; -The weather and physical supports mobile phone over face-to-face conversations; -Nationally, a heavy usage of texting and other wireless message services; -Finland a test market for wireless applications; -Nordic Mobile Telephone created the world’s largest single mobile market. Related and Supporting industries: – Huge R&D spending by government and companies; Finland, as a whole, offers strong venture capital, and a strong manufacturer network; -Due to the nature and need of wireless communication, there is a high number of specialized companies due to fragmented market; -There are approximately 3,000 Finnish firms in telecom and IT related products and services; -There is a large local supply allowing for highly customized contributions Firm strategy, structure and rivalry: – Significant historic reasons for highly competitive la ndscape within Finland; -A very strong export-centered commerce experience; Sturdy network and links between companies, banks and governments; -The Regional Development Agencies Act favors intense rivalry; -History of competition in telecommunications services throughout the 20th century; -Finland was early to deregulate in telecom-related industries; -A high number of telecom firms create an active local rivalry in wireless communications; -There is no monopoly on any of the value chain parts of telecom and a very healthy competition between companies; -European consumer demand (roaming, etc. ; Finland has been a part of the European Common Market since 1995. Other conditions that affect the Diamond Theory: – Government oVery stable with a long-term view (low turn-over with 6-year terms); oStrong initiatives to improve national innovative capacity; oAssurance of technological neutrality; oOpen socialist economy; -Chance oConditions in Finland provided a unique medium for Nok ia’s success. Creating, maintaining and updating land-based wired communication networks can be very slow and very expensive which made wireless digital systems seem a virtual bargain. . What is Absolute Advantage and how does Intel’s global position in mircoprocessors reflect this? Adam Smith developed the theory of absolute advantage which asserts that one party (a nation, a firm, etc. ) benefits from manufacturing more output than others since it is possess a unique resource or commodity. This particular resource or commodity can be a certain method, a distinct knowledge or manufacturing process that increases production efficiency, and thus reduces the relative need for additional resources. The theory holds that different countries (or firms) produce some goods more efficiently than others based on those particular resources or commodities. Limitations to the theory exist if there multiple unique resources or commodities – once the hypothesis expands to include multiple unique resources, the absolute would turn to a comparative advantage. Generally, in international trade, countries export goods/services when they have an absolute advantage in that product area and will import goods/services when another country (or firm) has the absolute advantage. Intel and Dell had a unique relationship in this regard – Intel had set the industry bar in terms of microprocessors and Dell, using Intel exclusively, became one of the strongest PC manufacturers in the world based on their distinctive marketing tool of â€Å"custom-made† computers. Both firms benefited from this relationship as they both had an absolute advantage on the items they produced. Further, according to the theory, if a country (or firm) has no absolute advantage in any product or service, no trade will occur. For instance, if both Intel and Dell manufactured microprocessors and PC hardware, no trade would exist between them – they would be direct competitors since no benefit would exist to either of them. A competitive advantage occurs when a firm acquires or develops a product or feature that allows it to outperform its competitors. To gain competitive advantage, the firm strategy is to manipulate that unique resource or commodity over which it has a direct advantage which gives them the ability to generate a competitive advantage. Superior performance outcomes and superiority in production resources reflects competitive advantage, and in doing so, gives a firm absolute advantage over an industry (or product). In the case of Intel’s global position in microprocessors, their strategy has been to continually introduce cutting-edge technology which ultimately means that consumers pay for the research and development of the speeds of new chips. It is a cyclical process, which demands more research and development of even faster, smaller products. The company does this to constantly renew consumer need which helps keep margins high. This business model of Intel’s can be compared to the auto industry’s â€Å"planned obsolescence. † The introduction of new models means the previous model is not as good, or new, anymore. As such, consumers feel compelled to purchase the newest, latest, greatest product. The trends are pushed by more powerful applications, which in turn create the need for new stronger, faster microprocessors and other new generations of computer products. Here are some of the contributing factors in Intel’s absolute advantage in the microprocessing industry: 1. Distinct ability to draw a prevailing share of the market’s attention – Intel benefited from a very exclusive and significant relationship with Dell (â€Å"Intel Inside†) until May 2006. With Dell being a major player in the computer hardware market, they offered â€Å"custom-made† computers with an exclusive agreement to offer only Intel processors inside. 2. Capability to impose innovative obstacles which created more labor for any competition – Not only did competitors already struggled to meet specs for the industry standards, they also experience issues keeping up with Intel’s production speed and product features. 3. Drive costs down and keep profits up – Intel was able to make its partners (and consumers) pay for this with an average selling price of over $150 a unit. PC makers had to accept this because at the time, Intel was only choice. 4. Strong reputation as the â€Å"reliable† standard – PC makers and consumers had not reason to look for alternative processors based on Intel’s innovation combined with the lack of reliable parts produced by competitors. 5. Economy of scale – Because the per unit cost of manufacturing depends on the size of the firm’s output, the larger the firm, the greater the scale of manufacturing benefits. Due to Intel’s economy of scale in the microprocessing industry, they could potentially monopolize the industry. Based on Intel’s strengths mentioned above as industry leaders (#2) as well as their ability to drive costs down while keeping profits up, Intel was untouchable and could manage to win any price war brought on by the competition. The Intel quality was also so high that the unreliable chips made by the competition almost, until recently, didn’t even create much of a price war since there wasn’t another game in town. 4. Explain Comparative Advantage? Then describe the development of India’s software industry and how it reflects one theory of competitive advantage. Comparative advantage theory is an international trade theory attributed to David Ricardo that indicates that firms or nations trade because they have superior productivity in a particular industry and can produce that particular good or service at lower marginal and opportunity costs than another party. In simple terms, this theory explains how trade can create value for two parties even if one party can produce all goods with fewer resources than the other. The thought being that each country can gain by specializing in the goods/services where it experiences this cost/efficiency advantage and trade that good/service for another where they do not posses the same advantage. Governments may attempt to counter comparative advantage by raising trade barriers, imposing high tariffs, and allowing newer and relatively uncompetitive industries ample time to become established. Comparative advantage is an appropriate theory to explain why particular countries export more services that support the global supply chain of both multinational enterprises and domestic firms. The source of a nation’s comparative advantage evolves from the mixture of its own factors of production such as availability of workforce, labor skills, access to capital, land and technology. For example, India is an excellent example of a country that has developed a highly efficient and low-cost software industry. This industry supplies not only the creation of custom software, but also call centers for customer support and other information technology services. The Indian software industry is composed of many subsidiaries of multinational corporations as well as independent companies. This question focuses on the rise of the software industry in India. As a relatively poor country, India in the past has not normally been thought of as a nation that is capable of building a major presence in a high-technology industry (e. g. , software). However, over the last decade or so, the Indian software industry has become an important force in the global software market. Among others, the main factors that have boosted India into this position are their large number of well-educated, English-speaking work force, a strong national work ethic coupled with technical experts who are paid only a fraction of the salary (including overhead) earned by U. S. counterparts. Additionally, the low cost of international telecommunication networks further enhances the comparative advantage of an Indian location for outsourcing. India has a comparative advantage in those services that are tradeable such as business process outsourcing and programming services. In looking at IBM’s outsourcing and how it utilizes both a US workforce and an outsourced Indian workforce, it is important to identify the relative strengths of each. For the mainly technical aspects of the job, IBM realizes cost savings by using the Indian workforce. Since programming wages are low in India and the average productivity of Indian programmers is somewhat comparable to the productivity of US programmers, then India can potentially enjoy a comparative advantage in programming. For those aspects of the job specializing in knowledge of a clients’ business, the US workforce is well-matched to do the job. The complementary nature of these two separate workforces rose out of the need of IBM to compete in more than just one area in order to succeed. Utilizing the Indian workforces allows IBM to realize a cost savings that can be used in other areas of their business. India, on the other hand, benefits from the trade with IBM by realizing large employment in the country as well as a boost to the economy that will only help to continue developing the country. 5. Explain briefly the common patters of successful Japanese entry into global markets once dominated by US firms such as RCA, Xerox and GM. In the business world, an initial direct attack of a competitor is usually most advantageous to the defending company since the attacking company usually ends up spending an exorbitant amount of resources without ever actually reaching its goals. This is a prime description of certain large companies such as General Electric, Xerox and RCA back to the 1970’s when all of them waged war against IBM in the computer market. All suffered very heavy monetary losses and as a result, did not engage further in the computer industry. The gamble cost these companies devastating sums upward in the millions. A company’s objective is to make use of its resources in such a way that allows them to maximize the market share. Direct attacks don’t necessarily serve that purpose, but rather the indirect attack seems to be more successful. The successful market penetration by Japanese companies was facilitated by an indirect approach. As one example, Xerox was an established leader in the photocopier field and by the 70s ruled the copier market, controlling the majority of the market’s share. However, within a decade, Japanese companies outwitted Xerox, and proceeded to follow suit in other industries (such as the auto industry) by launching indirect attacks on the smaller portion of the consumer base, and eventually swallowing up the entire market. The Japanese discovered that Xerox was marketing and supplying large copiers mainly to only large companies. That left millions of smaller companies using more local and less known supplies to meet their copying needs. These smaller companies couldn’t afford by purchase on the large scale of Xerox, nor did they have the physical space to store the industrial-size equipment. Enter the Japanese market with companies focusing on this weakness and entering the market focusing on the needs of the smaller organizations. Because there was no immediate effect on sales, Xerox took no notice of the market competition. As soon as the Japanese companies gained traction in this market, by focusing on the need of smaller products, lower prices, simplified technology, and distribution through office-supply dealers, tactics began to change as the Japanese continued to build upon their consumer base. The product ranges broadened with superior technology and more product choices. Towards the mid 80’s, the Japanese had made a considerable difference in the size of the market share, leaving Xerox behind and struggling. The Japanese business culture has seen significant success with a strategy of focusing in on an a smaller, overlooked, neglected, or emerging market segment and targeting in on the weaknesses of the competitor thereby gaining an advantage that affords a company the grip it needs to make gains in the market segment. Once that grip is found, the Japanese company consolidates their product’s position by mobilizing all resources and expanding into the rest of the market.

Population and economic growth Essay

It seems obvious that more rapidly growing populations have fewer natural resources per person, less physical capital per worker, more dependents, and greater needs for new social infrastructure. Perceptibly, they must be accounted as economically worse off. These intuitions shaped the earlier studies of population and economic development such as Coale and Hoover  model (1958). Later studies developed more neoclassical versions of these ideas, featuring that more rapid population growth led to per capita income. Noble prize economist Kuznets (1956), as well as Boserup (1956, 1981) and Simon (1981) suggested many possible positive effects of population growth, including economies of scale, acceleration of technological progress, flexible market response to emerging shortages , induces institutional changes , cheaper communication and transportation, and easier collective social investments. Kuznets examined per capita income growth and population growth rates across nations and found positive correlation, which seemed inconsistent with Koale – Hoover view. Their study was replicate by many others. In another advance, human capital was explicitly incorporated in growth model, and cross – national empirical analysis in the convergence framework indicated larger positive effects of population growth (Mankiw, Romer and W2EIL 1994). As Dawson and Tiffin (1998, p.149) put it that â€Å" the relationship between population growth and the economic development has long been thought to be fundamental to our understanding of less developed countries . Indeed most text book on economic development includes a section of population and development.† However there is no consensus whether population growth is beneficial or detrimental in the economic growth in the developing countries. As Thirwall (1994, p.143) commented â€Å"the relationship between population growth and economic development is a complex one and the historical evidence is ambiguous particularly concerning what is the cause what is the effect.† It is traditionally seen that the people of Bhutan are, by virtue of the circumstances of their habitat and precipice terrain, subjected to serious handicaps and constrained to scratch the earth for rather squalid and miserable living. The general impression in the minds of Bhutanese and foreigners alike who visit the nation is one of total abandonment and salutary neglect of the people. For most of the people of rural area, electricity, portable water supply, clinic, health centers and hospital which are by and large concentrated in the alleged urban areas, are just illusive luxurious. High proportion of the population still lives in the state of nature, by –passed by the modernizing influences and forces, which revolutionize traditional societies to progressive modern societies. The state of the life of the population kills its enthusiasm, dampens their morale and mitigates their sense of motivation and initiative. The scarcity  of these pre-requisites in the country is faced for the wanting of human capital that linearly depends upon the size of its Population. For this reason, it seems that low population growth rate of the country has, to large extent, been blamed for its state of affairs. Acrimonious debate regarding the economies and diseconomies of population has spurted between two schools of thought. One argument, presented by Clark and Ohlin, is in favour of unrepressed population growth based on the contention that it stimulates business and general economic growth cycles and therefore necessary for development. The other argument of Malthus is in favour of repressed population growth on the ground that unrestrained rise in population will mean less resources for individual members leading to considerable reduction in the euphoric life and well being of the people in that society, thus constituting an impediment to the socio-economic development of the society. The practical import of these divergent views is that positively or negatively, population question is intricately related to development which by all considerations is man –centered. Alluding to the positive and negative impact of rapid population growth, Ude asserted that â€Å"though there can be no development without human beings, any development that does not lead to overall increase in the welfare of the people is deficient. However, despite the merit of Malthus school’s arguments in favour of repressed population growth, the rapid population growth has unequivocally been a panacea in dealing with the problem of human capital whereby underdevelopment and poverty was in prevalent in Bhutan. Therefore Bhutanese in general should be sensitized to the realities of their abject miserable situation. Steps should be taken to mobilize the energies and efforts of the people to increase the growth rate of the population to the level that considered sufficient enough to beget human capital drastically needed for revolutionizing the economy through starting imminent developmental work with their help. In this paper, efforts are made to discuss the issue of population growth in Bhutan in its various ramifications. In the first place, the author takes the critical look at the deplorable economic conditions of the people. This is followed by an incisive examination of the implications of the phenomenon of population growth on the beleaguered economy. In like manner, the importance of the population growth, particularly in relation to the  generation of human resources and consequent development in the country are highlighted. Next, some suggestions and recommendations are made to ameliorate the economic conditions of the people, arising as a result of lack slow population growth rate in the country. METHODLOGY This is paper is based upon literature and theoretical evidences rendered by various school of economic thought. We have used Kuznets and W.W. Rostow model to explain the implication of population and economic development in Bhutan. In addition to this we used time series data for economic growth and population from the different issues of National Accounts Statistics reports of Bhutan, and population and census of Bhutan 2005. The State of Economy in Bhutan The plight to Communities in Bhutan is the focus of current discussions by many economists and a matter of concern for all levels of government in the Country. The picture of the country is described as being pathetic and the main features of the pre-requisites of economic development are found to be under-developed because of under utilization of its natural resources. In most areas in Bhutan, the basic infrastructural facilities which have been considered by W.W Rostow as prerequisites for development and tolerable human existence are generally lacking3. One of the pre-requisites of the well being of the community of any country is its roads. there are no functional roads for vehicles in rural areas and in some part of the country, roads construction work has not been yet started, thus leaving the people in those areas in dreary isolation from their own people and the rest of the World. The existing roads are also in deplorable condition. They are generally characterized by innumerable pot holes, deep enough to snap a car’s shockers or give the rim a terminal damage. The sad story of our rural roads calls for great concern when it is realized that over 70 percent of Bhutanese, as noted above, live in the rural areas and that it is from the latter that most of the food products of the country are derived. Without good roads, it becomes a big problem to send food products from these areas to the urban dwellers mainly depend on the rural folks for their food supply. Hence, every harvest season, thousands of rural farmers watch  helplessly as the crops which they cannot evacuate to the urban markets go waste, thus marginalizing their income from farm proceeds over the years. Being an agricultural predominated economy if it cannot able to produce exportable product, it must produce as much as food grain as is required by the countrymen. The irony of the Bhutanese economy is that all economists see it as rugged mountainous country which has less scope to produce that what is required by its people. They have made such impression Worldwide about this economy that nothing can sufficiently be produced here except remaining dependent on others for each and every thing. Moreover, the Bhutanese economy is suffering of the shortage of pre-requisites necessary for great spurt from backward economy to industrial economy. According to W.W.ROSTW, every developing country has to pass through a certain stages of development that he manifested as per-requisites of economic development. According to Gerschenkron, the existence of certain necessary conditions (pre-requisites) is not required for industrialization as is put forth by Rostow. He based this view on two empirical observations. First, the preconditions for industrialization that existed in England during its industrial revolution was virtually absent in the backward countries of Europe or existed on a very small scale. Secondly, big spurt of industrialization occurred even in those countries where they were not present at all. Without having adequate preconditions, these countries like Italy, France, Germany, and USSR (before 1985) had brought big spurt in their economy. Though they had not sufficient pre-conditions for great spurt, they had an adequate human capital because of high population growth to exploit natural resources and utilize them for generating precondition corresponding to industrialization period of these countries. Since Bhutanese economy is also passing through the same state of affairs by which the present developed nations were passing historically, it can also bring big spurt in its economy provided it should have its own sufficient human capital. This may be possible if it review its National population policy for stepping up its growth to meet the demand of labour force in the country. Population and Economic Growth: Many dynamic and active debates have been held regarding the impact of the increasing population on the economic development of the country since the  existence of the Malthusian theory. No doubt, an increase in the population in most of the countries has adversely affected the per capita output of the nation. Our empirical study related to the impact of population growth rate on economic growth has explored statistically very significant and optimistic findings in case of Bhutanese economy. The basic infrastructural facilities which are required, at the rudimentary development stage of the country, unfortunately found almost missing. This country needs stringent measures towards establishing more academic and vocational institution so that more academicians, engineers, doctors can be trained to enhance the pool of the human capital. Specialization in the works increase the quality and productivity of the labour and this probably be procured, if the country will have a well- versed pool of human capital. The massive group of the human capital will automatically enhance the economic growth of Bhutan. Development of the countries such as India and China are entirely impinging upon the human capital. Economic growth rate of these countries, since their independence, has grown very rapidly because of large group of human capital .Though these countries have suffered because of the high growth rate of population; they are progressing at high rate only because of innovations and technology, which in turn, depend upon the human capital which is linearly related to their population. India is enjoying the status of nourishing almost 16% of the total population of the World and economically stands fourth in the world based on purchasing power parity as per the World Bank report of 2008. Population is not the sole factor for slowdown in the economic growth of the country, but factors like political instability, corruption, inefficient managerial system, misallocation of resources, etc. are more responsible for it. As the Chinese proverb reflects that â€Å"Roads and railways lines are considered as the fate lines of the nation†, the government of Bhutan must pay attention towards the dissemination of the network of roads. Government needs to start some plans and projects to build railway track and Air routes through which tourist can be attracted within the country that will enhance the Foreign Cash Reserves. According to National statistics Bureau of Bhutan (2010), 69%of the total population of Bhutan is living in rural areas (205Gewogs -Bhutan at glance -2008) of the country. Most of the  villages are deprived of the basic amenities like road; safe water supply, education, regulated markets where the surplus product of the peasant could be marketed. There are only 29 hospitals with 145 doctors that are taking care of 6, 71083 people (Population and Census of Bhutan, 2005). It means that there are approximately one doctor per 5000 people that seem to be a very poorest ratio after Ethiopia and many others under developed countries of the world. There is a need for increasing the health related facilities in the country. Geographical conditions of the country become an obstruction in the way of the masses to avail the medical facilities in the hospital. Empirical findings show very dismal progress in the area of health. These entire problem faced by the people are ascribed to lack of human capital which could be solved by increasing the population of the country. â€Å"The economics of scale† phenomenon of population 1. Population and market structure Despite of the Malthus theory of diminishing return when it comes to scarce resource like food and water , some of optimistic population growth economist , like Kuznets (1956), Boserup (1981), believed that population growth can really help the nation economy to turn from ineffective economy into economies of scale state. According to Kendrick (1977), economies of scale are an important factor to increase the productivity of labour of a country. A country with rapid population growth can suffer many maladies like capital dilution, shortage of necessity resources and the causality could lead the whole population to poverty, famine and starvation. However, there are three arguments supported for the idea that population growth can boost the country economy by economics of scale phenomenon. Firstly, a nation, which has a rapid population growth rate, means that its population size will develop with a quicker rate. The bigger the population size is, the larger the market size becomes. In order to meet the product demand of the large –size market, bigger and more effective as well as longer performance period manufacturing plants are required to develop (simon, 1994). Countries in the world with larger population size like India and China are growing faster than any other country of the world because of their strong market network. Market base not only generate entrepreneurship among nationals but also causes induced foreign investment in the country. All developing countries like Bhutan need significant funds to expedite economic development programme for making provision of amenities required for higher living standard of the people of the country. The present state of economic affair of Bhutanese economy necessitates the expansion of market base to have an induced foreign investment and the generation of entrepreneurship among nationals to establish spectrum of industries in country to bring about industrial revolution. â€Å"All the developed countries of the present world were backward historically† (Gerschenkron 1947). Germany, Italy, USA, and England have achieved a status of advance industrialized countries, which were also backward in past, due to their strong army of human capital. Therefore, we can conclude that if Bhutan intends to be a developed country, it will have to acquire more human capital but that would be possible only if it increases its population. Population and specialized labour force Large size of the population not only expands a market structure but also possess an impressive number of labours. Because of the avail ability of the labour force it is possible for firms to divide their labor into particular division of labor to do specific tasks. An excellent example of specialization is car assembly line in which each division just takes responsibility of installing only one part of the car such as engine or car wheels. According to Adam Smith, â€Å"division of labor has caused a greater increase in production than any other factor. This diversification is greatest for nations with more industry and improvement, and is responsible for â€Å"universal opulence† in those countries†. Moreover, through specialization, working skill of labor force is likely to improve more quickly with learning-by-doing. Since a large size of population demands a tremendous number of products, these workers have more chances to improve their working skill. As a result, the average time spending for producing one unit of output have tendency to decrease more quickly than in smaller market-size. Correlating with saving producing time, the cost per one product is also deducted and firm is more efficient through specialization. Finally, the rapid population growth rate could cause a positive effect on communication and transportation. Transportation plays an important role in economic development. A good transportation system can help reduce  transportation cost and travel time. Along with high population growth rate, the increase in population density is inevitable. A dense population is likely to pressure the government to develop more in transportation system such as railroad, highways and road. Take China as an example, according to United Nations Population Division, in 1985, its population density was 110 people/km2 and the total amount of railroad was 52,000 km while in 2010, the total length of railroad is 91,000 km (increase 75%) and its population density is 141 people per square kilometer (increases 28%). Transportation improvement is surely a general trend for every economic development, but it is not deniable to state that the population density has a strong impact on number of construction of transportation. As Julian L. Simon stated in â€Å"The Ultimate Resource†, â€Å"population growth clearly leads to an improved transportation system, which in turn stimulates economic development†. Population and self reliant in food grain The falling trend in total arable land is a serious concern for the government of Bhutan .These appalling trend cannot be owed to an increase in population but to an occupation changes in the economy which inherited due the occurring structural changes via economic development as is put forth by Schumper . Since the economy has started growing, the corresponding sector of agriculture sector like service sector and industrial sector have also started developing whereby the agriculturist are induced to migrate from their agricultural occupation to service and industrial sector. When the land owner shifted from agriculture to service and industrial sectors, their land turned barren. Migration of the masses from their earlier main occupation to services and industrial sector must be considered as main cause of fall in arable land but not the pressure of population. we can emphatically favour the economies of population that if the size of the population had high, the size of arable land would not have decreased rather it would have increased. We corroborate our views with the help of classical economist hypothesis that â€Å"supply creates its own demand.† we can apply classical theory to endorse our theory that an addition to the supply of labour because of increase in population will exploit the latent natural resources of the country to meet their demands. An addition to labour force will not only exploit natural resources for their survival but also help in  filling the lag of supply of them to give impetus to the economic growth. Therefore, increase in population will not exploit resources and find new mode and means for the country but will also make this country self –reliant for food grains and many other things including labour force for which this country is totally dependent on other nations. In essence, development of the Bhutanese economy necessitates high growth of population. CONCLUSION The authors optimistically weaves fabric of hope that if the measures outlined above are emphatically implemented, the population itself will be brought to the optimum size and aligned to match its requirement in exploiting and utilizing the latent natural resources of the country for giving impetus to the economic development of the country. Structural changes of the economy via disseminating the spectrum of industrial base are not possible in wanting of human capital that linearly links with size of population of the country. 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